Hallucinogens are unique pharmacological substances that reliably induce altered patterns of brain neuronal functioning, which lead to dramatic alterations in consciousness. We shall provide a review of the different chemical classes of hallucinogens, outlining their pharmacological properties, as well as their effects on cognition and behavior. We shall also discuss current hypotheses concerning how they generate their unique subjective effects, with a focus on the role of brain serotonin 5-HT2A receptors. We will review several scientific studies that specifically investigate the ability of these substances to generate authentic religious experiences, and the historical and archaeological evidence linking hallucinogenic substances to religious rituals and practices. The knowledge generated from this field of study has implications for understanding the way humans experience the divine and how we perceive our place in the world, and indeed in the universe. Finally, we shall examine two contemporary syncretic churches that employ hallucinogenic substances for religious purposes and address the medical and social implications of those practices.
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