Marie-Hélène Saint Hilaire, MD, FRCP(C)
Professor of Neurology
- Title Professor of Neurology
- Office Shapiro Building, 725 Albany St., 7th floor, Boston, MA 02118
- Phone 617-638-8456
- Education Medical School: University of Montreal, Canada (1980)
Residency: Montreal Neurological Institute, Canada (1984)
Fellowship: EEG, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (1984)
Board Certifications: Neurology
Special Interests: Movement Disorders, Botulinum Toxin A
Selected Publications:
Zajac JA, Cavanaugh JT, Baker T, Duncan RP, Fulford D, Girnis J, LaValley M, Nordahl T, Porciuncula F, Rawson KS, Saint-Hilaire M, Thomas CA, Earhart GM, Ellis TD. Does clinically measured walking capacity contribute to real-world walking performance in Parkinson’s disease? Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2022 Dec;105:123-127. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.11.016. Epub 2022 Nov 15. PMID: 36423521; PMCID: PMC9722599.
Parkinson Study Group SURE-PD3 Investigators; Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A, Casaceli C, Curhan GC, Fitzgerald R, Kamp C, Lungu C, Macklin EA, Marek K, Mozaffarian D, Oakes D, Rudolph A, Shoulson I, Videnovic A, Scott B, Gauger L, Aldred J, Bixby M, Ciccarello J, Gunzler SA, Henchcliffe C, Brodsky M, Keith K, Hauser RA, Goetz C, LeDoux MS, Hinson V, Kumar R, Espay AJ, Jimenez-Shahed J, Hunter C, Christine C, Daley A, Leehey M, de Marcaida JA, Friedman JH, Hung A, Bwala G, Litvan I, Simon DK, Simuni T, Poon C, Schiess MC, Chou K, Park A, Bhatti D, Peterson C, Criswell SR, Rosenthal L, Durphy J, Shill HA, Mehta SH, Ahmed A, Deik AF, Fang JY, Stover N, Zhang L, Dewey RB Jr, Gerald A, Boyd JT, Houston E, Suski V, Mosovsky S, Cloud L, Shah BB, Saint-Hilaire M, James R, Zauber SE, Reich S, Shprecher D, Pahwa R, Langhammer A, LaFaver K, LeWitt PA, Kaminski P, Goudreau J, Russell D, Houghton DJ, Laroche A, Thomas K, McGraw M, Mari Z, Serrano C, Blindauer K, Rabin M, Kurlan R, Morgan JC, Soileau M, Ainslie M, Bodis-Wollner I, Schneider RB, Waters C, Ratel AS, Beck CA, Bolger P, Callahan KF, Crotty GF, Klements D, Kostrzebski M, McMahon GM, Pothier L, Waikar SS, Lang A, Mestre T. Effect of Urate-Elevating Inosine on Early Parkinson Disease Progression: The SURE-PD3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2021 Sep 14;326(10):926-939. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.10207. PMID: 34519802; PMCID: PMC8441591.
Bird K, Saint-Hilaire M, Curiale G, O’Shea SA. Development of Hypertrophic Olivary Degeneration following Pontine Hemorrhage. Ann Neurol. 2020 Jun;87(6):809-810. doi: 10.1002/ana.25742. Epub 2020 Apr 27. PMID: 32339325.
Tickle-Degnen L, Stevenson MT, Gunnery SD, Saint-Hilaire M, Thomas CA, Sprague Martinez L, Habermann B, Naumova EN. Profile of social self-management practices in daily life with Parkinson’s disease is associated with symptom severity and health quality of life. Disabil Rehabil. 2021 Nov;43(22):3212-3224. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2020.1741035. Epub 2020 Apr 1. PMID: 32233702; PMCID: PMC7529710.
Reynolds GO, Saint-Hilaire M, Thomas CA, Barlow DH, Cronin-Golomb A. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety in Parkinson’s Disease. Behav Modif. 2020 Jul;44(4):552-579. doi: 10.1177/0145445519838828. Epub 2019 Mar 31. PMID: 30931594; PMCID: PMC8137685.
Irwin D, Saint-Hilaire M. In Vivo Detection of Underlying Synucleinopathies: Are We There Yet? Neurology. 2021 May 18;96(20):925-926. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000011929. Epub 2021 Apr 15. PMID: 33858996.
Zajac JA, Cavanaugh JT, Baker T, Colón-Semenza C, DeAngelis TR, Duncan RP, Fulford D, LaValley M, Nordahl T, Rawson KS, Saint-Hilaire M, Thomas CA, Earhart GM, Ellis TD. Are Mobile Persons With Parkinson Disease Necessarily More Active? J Neurol Phys Ther. 2021 Oct 1;45(4):259-265. doi: 10.1097/NPT.0000000000000362. PMID: 34091569; PMCID: PMC8460597.
Schwarzschild MA, Macklin EA, Bakshi R, Battacharyya S, Logan R, Espay AJ, Hung AY, Bwala G, Goetz CG, Russell DS, Goudreau JL, Parashos SA, Saint-Hilaire MH, Rudolph A, Hare JM, Curhan GC, Ascherio A; Parkinson Study Group SURE-PD Investigators. Sex differences by design and outcome in the Safety of Urate Elevation in PD (SURE-PD) trial. Neurology. 2019 Oct 1;93(14):e1328-e1338. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000008194.
Goldman JG, Andrews H, Amara A, Naito A, Alcalay RN, Shaw LM, Taylor P, Xie T, Tuite P, Henchcliffe C, Hogarth P, Frank S, Saint-Hilaire MH, Frasier M, Arnedo V, Reimer AN, Sutherland M, Swanson-Fischer C, Gwinn K; Fox Investigation of New Biomarker Discovery, Kang UJ. Cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, and saliva in the BioFIND study: Relationships among biomarkers and Parkinson’s disease Features. Mov Disord. 2018 Feb;33(2):282-288. doi: 10.1002/mds.27232.
Wu CK, Santini VE, Dittus C, Saint Hilaire MH. Neuroacanthocytosis: A case with unusual clinical features & novel response to treatment. J Neurol Sci. 2017 Feb 15;373:346. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.12.002. Epub 2016 Dec 7.
LeWitt PA, Hauser RA, Grosset DG, Stocchi F, Saint-Hilaire MH, Ellenbogen A, Leinonen M, Hampson NB, DeFeo-Fraulini T, Freed MI, Kieburtz KD. A randomized trial of inhaled levodopa (CVT-301) for motor fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2016 Sep;31(9):1356-65. doi: 10.1002/mds.26611. Epub 2016 Apr 19. Review.
Taylor KM, Saint-Hilaire MH, Sudarsky L, Simon DK, Hersh B, Sparrow D, Hu H, Weisskopf MG. Head injury at early ages is associated with risk of Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016 Feb;23:57-61. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.12.005. Epub 2015 Dec 19.
Huntington Study Group, Frank S, Testa CM, Stamler D, Kayson E, Davis C, Edmondson MC, Kinel S, Leavitt B, Oakes D, O’Neill C, Vaughan C, Goldstein J, Herzog M, Snively V, Whaley J, Wong C, Suter G, Jankovic J, Jimenez-Shahed J, Hunter C, Claassen DO, Roman OC, Sung V, Smith J, Janicki S, Clouse R, Saint-Hilaire M, Hohler A, Turpin D, James RC, Rodriguez R, Rizer K, Anderson KE, Heller H, Carlson A, Criswell S, Racette BA, Revilla FJ, Nucifora F Jr, Margolis RL, Ong M, Mendis T, Mendis N, Singer C, Quesada M, Paulsen JS, Brashers-Krug T, Miller A, Kerr J, Dubinsky RM, Gray C, Factor SA, Sperin E, Molho E, Eglow M, Evans S, Kumar R, Reeves C, Samii A, Chouinard S, Beland M, Scott BL, Hickey PT, Esmail S, Fung WL, Gibbons C, Qi L, Colcher A, Hackmyer C, McGarry A, Klos K, Gudesblatt M, Fafard L, Graffitti L, Schneider DP, Dhall R, Wojcieszek JM, LaFaver K, Duker A, Neefus E, Wilson-Perez H, Shprecher D, Wall P, Blindauer KA, Wheeler L, Boyd JT, Houston E, Farbman ES, Agarwal P, Eberly SW, Watts A, Tariot PN, Feigin A, Evans S, Beck C, Orme C, Edicola J, Christopher E. Effect of Deutetrabenazine on Chorea Among Patients With Huntington Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2016 Jul 5;316(1):40-50.
LeWitt PA, Hauser RA, Grosset DG, Stocchi F, Saint-Hilaire MH, Ellenbogen A, Leinonen M, Hampson NB, DeFeo-Fraulini T, Freed MI, Kieburtz KD. A randomized trial of inhaled levodopa (CVT-301) for motor fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2016 Apr 19. [Epub ahead of print] Review.
Taylor KM, Saint-Hilaire MH, Sudarsky L, Simon DK, Hersh B, Sparrow D, Hu H, Weisskopf MG. Head injury at early ages is associated with risk of Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016 Feb;23:57-61. Epub 2015 Dec 19.
Huntington Study Group PHAROS Investigators, Biglan KM, Shoulson I, Kieburtz K, Oakes D, Kayson E, Shinaman MA, Zhao H, Romer M, Young A, Hersch S, Penney J, Marder K, Paulsen J, Quaid K, Siemers E, Tanner C, Mallonee W, Suter G, Dubinsky R, Gray C, Nance M, Bundlie S, Radtke D, Kostyk S, Baic C, Caress J, Walker F, Hunt V, O’Neill C, Chouinard S, Factor S, Greenamyre T, Wood-Siverio C, Corey-Bloom J, Song D, Peavy G, Moskowitz C, Wesson M, Samii A, Bird T, Lipe H, Blindauer K, Marshall F, Zimmerman C, Goldstein J, Rosas D, Novak P, Caviness J, Adler C, Duffy A, Wheelock V, Tempkin T, Richman D, Seeberger L, Albin R, Chou KL, Racette B, Perlmutter JS, Perlman S, Bordelon Y, Martin W, Wieler M, Leavitt B, Raymond L, Decolongon J, Clarke L, Jankovic J, Hunter C, Hauser RA, Sanchez-Ramos J, Furtado S, Suchowersky O, Klimek ML, Guttman M, Sethna R, Feigin A, Cox M, Shannon B, Percy A, Dure L, Harrison M, Johnson W, Higgins D, Molho E, Nickerson C, Evans S, Hobson D, Singer C, Galvez-Jimenez N, Shannon K, Comella C, Ross C, Saint-Hilaire MH, Testa C, Rosenblatt A, Hogarth P, Weiner W, Como P, Kumar R, Cotto C, Stout J, Brocht A, Watts A, Eberly S, Weaver C, Foroud T, Gusella J, MacDonald M, Myers R, Fahn S, Shults C. Clinical-Genetic Associations in the Prospective Huntington at Risk Observational Study (PHAROS): Implications for Clinical Trials. JAMA Neurol. 2016 Jan;73(1):102-10.
Zuzuárregui JR, Shah A, Saint-Hilaire MH. Clinical Reasoning: A 72-year-old man with nocturnal stridor. Neurology. 2015 Nov 3;85(18):e136-9.
Tickle-Degnen L, Saint-Hilaire M, Thomas CA, Habermann B, Martinez LS, Terrin N, Noubary F, Naumova EN. Emergence and evolution of social self-management of Parkinson”s disease: study protocol for a 3-year prospective cohort study. BMC Neurol. 2014; 14(1):95.
Saint-Hilaire M. Occupational therapy for Parkinson”s disease: increasing awareness. Lancet Neurol. 2014 Jun; 13(6):527-9.
Parkinson Study Group SURE-PD Investigators, Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A, Beal MF, Cudkowicz ME, Curhan GC, Hare JM, Hooper DC, Kieburtz KD, Macklin EA, Oakes D, Rudolph A, Shoulson I, Tennis MK, Espay AJ, Gartner M, Hung A, Bwala G, Lenehan R, Encarnacion E, Ainslie M, Castillo R, Togasaki D, Barles G, Friedman JH, Niles L, Carter JH, Murray M, Goetz CG, Jaglin J, Ahmed A, Russell DS, Cotto C, Goudreau JL, Russell D, Parashos SA, Ede P, Saint-Hilaire MH, Thomas CA, James R, Stacy MA, Johnson J, Gauger L, Antonelle de Marcaida J, Thurlow S, Isaacson SH, Carvajal L, Rao J, Cook M, Hope-Porche C, McClurg L, Grasso DL, Logan R, Orme C, Ross T, Brocht AF, Constantinescu R, Sharma S, Venuto C, Weber J, Eaton K. Inosine to increase serum and cerebrospinal fluid urate in Parkinson disease: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 2014 Feb;71(2):141-50.
Ellis T, Latham NK, DeAngelis TR, Thomas CA, Saint-Hilaire M, Bickmore TW. Feasibility of a virtual exercise coach to promote walking in community-dwelling persons with Parkinson disease. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2013 Jun; 92(6):472-81; quiz 482-5.
Vaou O, Saint-Hilaire M, Friedman J. Visual hallucinations in photographs in Parkinson”s disease. BMJ Case Rep. 2013; 2013.
Ramos EM, Latourelle JC, Gillis T, Mysore JS, Squitieri F, Di Pardo A, Di Donato S, Gellera C, Hayden MR, Morrison PJ, Nance M, Ross CA, Margolis RL, Gomez-Tortosa E, Ayuso C, Suchowersky O, Trent RJ, McCusker E, Novelletto A, Frontali M, Jones R, Ashizawa T, Frank S, Saint-Hilaire MH, Hersch SM, Rosas HD, Lucente D, Harrison MB, Zanko A, Abramson RK, Marder K, Gusella JF, Lee JM, Alonso I, Sequeiros J, Myers RH, Macdonald ME. Candidate glutamatergic and dopaminergic pathway gene variants do not influence Huntington’s disease motor onset. Neurogenetics. 2013 Nov;14(3-4):173-9.
Ramos EM, Latourelle JC, Lee JH, Gillis T, Mysore JS, Squitieri F, Di Pardo A, Di Donato S, Hayden MR, Morrison PJ, Nance M, Ross CA, Margolis RL, Gomez-Tortosa E, Ayuso C, Suchowersky O, Trent RJ, McCusker E, Novelletto A, Frontali M, Jones R, Ashizawa T, Frank S, Saint-Hilaire MH, Hersch SM, Rosas HD, Lucente D, Harrison MB, Zanko A, Marder K, Gusella JF, Lee JM, Alonso I, Sequeiros J, Myers RH, Macdonald ME. Population stratification may bias analysis of PGC-1α as a modifier of age at Huntington disease motor onset. Hum Genet. 2012 Dec;131(12):1833-40.
Lee JH, Lee JM, Ramos EM, Gillis T, Mysore JS, Kishikawa S, Hadzi T, Hendricks AE, Hayden MR, Morrison PJ, Nance M, Ross CA, Margolis RL, Squitieri F, Gellera C, Gomez-Tortosa E, Ayuso C, Suchowersky O, Trent RJ, McCusker E, Novelletto A, Frontali M, Jones R, Ashizawa T, Frank S, Saint-Hilaire MH, Hersch SM, Rosas HD, Lucente D, Harrison MB, Zanko A, Abramson RK, Marder K, Sequeiros J, Landwehrmeyer GB; Registry Study of the European Huntington’s Disease Network, Shoulson I; Huntington Study Group COHORT project, Myers RH, MacDonald ME, Gusella JF. TAA repeat variation in the GRIK2 gene does not influence age at onset in Huntington’s disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2012 Aug 3;424(3):404-8.
Lee JM, Gillis T, Mysore JS, Ramos EM, Myers RH, Hayden MR, Morrison PJ, Nance M, Ross CA, Margolis RL, Squitieri F, Griguoli A, Di Donato S, Gomez-Tortosa E, Ayuso C, Suchowersky O, Trent RJ, McCusker E, Novelletto A, Frontali M, Jones R, Ashizawa T, Frank S, Saint-Hilaire MH, Hersch SM, Rosas HD, Lucente D, Harrison MB, Zanko A, Abramson RK, Marder K, Sequeiros J, MacDonald ME, Gusella JF. Common SNP-based haplotype analysis of the 4p16.3 Huntington disease gene region. Am J Hum Genet. 2012 Mar 9;90(3):434-44.
Lee JM, Ramos EM, Lee JH, Gillis T, Mysore JS, Hayden MR, Warby SC, Morrison P, Nance M, Ross CA, Margolis RL, Squitieri F, Orobello S, Di Donato S, Gomez-Tortosa E, Ayuso C, Suchowersky O, Trent RJ, McCusker E, Novelletto A, Frontali M, Jones R, Ashizawa T, Frank S, Saint-Hilaire MH, Hersch SM, Rosas HD, Lucente D, Harrison MB, Zanko A, Abramson RK, Marder K, Sequeiros J, Paulsen JS; PREDICT-HD study of the Huntington Study Group (HSG), Landwehrmeyer GB; REGISTRY study of the European Huntington’s Disease Network, Myers RH; HD-MAPS Study Group, MacDonald ME, Gusella JF; COHORT study of the HSG. CAG repeat expansion in Huntington disease determines age at onset in a fully dominant fashion. Neurology. 2012 Mar 6;78(10):690-5.
Weisskopf MG, Weuve J, Nie H, Saint-Hilaire MH, Sudarsky L, Simon DK, Hersh B, Schwartz J, Wright RO, Hu H. Association of cumulative lead exposure with Parkinson’s disease. Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Nov;118(11):1609-13.
Tickle-Degnen L, Ellis T, Saint-Hilaire MH, Thomas CA, Wagenaar RC. Self-management rehabilitation and health-related quality of life in Parkinson’s disease: a randomized controlled trial. Mov Disord. 2010 Jan 30;25(2):194-204.
Latourelle JC, Sun M, Lew MF, Suchowersky O, Klein C, Golbe LI, Mark MH, Growdon JH, Wooten GF, Watts RL, Guttman M, Racette BA, Perlmutter JS, Ahmed A, Shill HA, Singer C, Goldwurm S, Pezzoli G, Zini M, Saint-Hilaire MH, Hendricks AE, Williamson S, Nagle MW, Wilk JB, Massood T, Huskey KW, Laramie JM, DeStefano AL, Baker KB, Itin I, Litvan I, Nicholson G, Corbett A, Nance M, Drasby E, Isaacson S, Burn DJ, Chinnery PF, Pramstaller PP, Al-hinti J, Moller AT, Ostergaard K, Sherman SJ, Roxburgh R, Snow B, Slevin JT, Cambi F, Gusella JF, Myers RH. The Gly2019Ser mutation in LRRK2 is not fully penetrant in familial Parkinson’s disease: the GenePD study. BMC Med. 2008 Nov 5;6:32.
McNicoll CF, Latourelle JC, MacDonald ME, Lew MF, Suchowersky O, Klein C, Golbe LI, Mark MH, Growdon JH, Wooten GF, Watts RL, Guttman M, Racette BA, Perlmutter JS, Ahmed A, Shill HA, Singer C, Saint-Hilaire MH, Massood T, Huskey KW, DeStefano AL, Gillis T, Mysore J, Goldwurm S, Pezzoli G, Baker KB, Itin I, Litvan I, Nicholson G, Corbett A, Nance M, Drasby E, Isaacson S, Burn DJ, Chinnery PF, Pramstaller PP, Al-Hinti J, Moller AT, Ostergaard K, Sherman SJ, Roxburgh R, Snow B, Slevin JT, Cambi F, Gusella JF, Myers RH. Huntington CAG repeat size does not modify onset age in familial Parkinson’s disease: the GenePD study. Mov Disord. 2008 Aug 15;23(11):1596-601.
DeStefano AL, Latourelle J, Lew MF, Suchowersky O, Klein C, Golbe LI, Mark MH, Growdon JH, Wooten GF, Watts R, Guttman M, Racette BA, Perlmutter JS, Marlor L, Shill HA, Singer C, Goldwurm S, Pezzoli G, Saint-Hilaire MH, Hendricks AE, Gower A, Williamson S, Nagle MW, Wilk JB, Massood T, Huskey KW, Baker KB, Itin I, Litvan I, Nicholson G, Corbett A, Nance M, Drasby E, Isaacson S, Burn DJ, Chinnery PF, Pramstaller PP, Al-Hinti J, Moller AT, Ostergaard K, Sherman SJ, Roxburgh R, Snow B, Slevin JT, Cambi F, Gusella JF, Myers RH. Replication of association between ELAVL4 and Parkinson disease: the GenePD study. Hum Genet. 2008 Aug;124(1):95-9.
Saint-Hilaire MH. Parkinson’s disease in the elderly. Med Health R I. 2008 May;91(5):136-7. Review.
Tobin JE, Latourelle JC, Lew MF, Klein C, Suchowersky O, Shill HA, Golbe LI, Mark MH, Growdon JH, Wooten GF, Racette BA, Perlmutter JS, Watts R, Guttman M, Baker KB, Goldwurm S, Pezzoli G, Singer C, Saint-Hilaire MH, Hendricks AE, Williamson S, Nagle MW, Wilk JB, Massood T, Laramie JM, DeStefano AL, Litvan I, Nicholson G, Corbett A, Isaacson S, Burn DJ, Chinnery PF, Pramstaller PP, Sherman S, Al-hinti J, Drasby E, Nance M, Moller AT, Ostergaard K, Roxburgh R, Snow B, Slevin JT, Cambi F, Gusella JF, Myers RH. Haplotypes and gene expression implicate the MAPT region for Parkinson disease: the GenePD Study. Neurology. 2008 Jul 1;71(1):28-34.
Wilk JB, Tobin JE, Suchowersky O, Shill HA, Klein C, Wooten GF, Lew MF, Mark MH, Guttman M, Watts RL, Singer C, Growdon JH, Latourelle JC, Saint-Hilaire MH, DeStefano AL, Prakash R, Williamson S, Berg CJ, Sun M, Goldwurm S, Pezzoli G, Racette BA, Perlmutter JS, Parsian A, Baker KB, Giroux ML, Litvan I, Pramstaller PP, Nicholson G, Burn DJ, Chinnery PF, Vieregge P, Slevin JT, Cambi F, MacDonald ME, Gusella JF, Myers RH, Golbe LI. Herbicide exposure modifies GSTP1 haplotype association to Parkinson onset age: the GenePD Study. Neurology. 2006 Dec 26;67(12):2206-10.
Li JL, Hayden MR, Warby SC, Durr A, Morrison PJ, Nance M, Ross CA, Margolis RL, Rosenblatt A, Squitieri F, Frati L, Gómez-Tortosa E, García CA, Suchowersky O, Klimek ML, Trent RJ, McCusker E, Novelletto A, Frontali M, Paulsen JS, Jones R, Ashizawa T, Lazzarini A, Wheeler VC, Prakash R, Xu G, Djoussé L, Mysore JS, Gillis T, Hakky M, Cupples LA, Saint-Hilaire MH, Cha JH, Hersch SM, Penney JB, Harrison MB, Perlman SL, Zanko A, Abramson RK, Lechich AJ, Duckett A, Marder K, Conneally PM, Gusella JF, MacDonald ME, Myers RH. Genome-wide significance for a modifier of age at neurological onset in Huntington’s disease at 6q23-24: the HD MAPS study. BMC Med Genet. 2006 Aug 17;7:71.
Sun M, Latourelle JC, Wooten GF, Lew MF, Klein C, Shill HA, Golbe LI, Mark MH, Racette BA, Perlmutter JS, Parsian A, Guttman M, Nicholson G, Xu G, Wilk JB, Saint-Hilaire MH, DeStefano AL, Prakash R, Williamson S, Suchowersky O, Labelle N, Growdon JH, Singer C, Watts RL, Goldwurm S, Pezzoli G, Baker KB, Pramstaller PP, Burn DJ, Chinnery PF, Sherman S, Vieregge P, Litvan I, Gillis T, MacDonald ME, Myers RH, Gusella JF. Influence of heterozygosity for parkin mutation on onset age in familial Parkinson disease: the GenePD study. Arch Neurol. 2006 Jun;63(6):826-32.
Ivan CS, Saint-Hilaire MH, Christensen TG, Milunsky JM. Adult-onset neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type B in an African-American. Mov Disord. 2005 Jun;20(6):752-4.