{"id":11663,"date":"2023-05-09T23:41:54","date_gmt":"2023-05-10T03:41:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bumc.bu.edu\/anatneuro\/?page_id=11663"},"modified":"2023-08-30T14:12:26","modified_gmt":"2023-08-30T18:12:26","slug":"wisco-gender-sex-science-quotes","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.bumc.bu.edu\/anatneuro\/wisco-lab\/wisco-gender-sex-science-quotes\/","title":{"rendered":"Gender and Sex Science in Athletics"},"content":{"rendered":"<\/div>\n<p><!-- ___________________Navbar___________________ --><\/p>\n<div id=\"navvy\"><\/div>\n<p><script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/anatneuro\/files\/2022\/01\/nav.js\"><\/script><\/p>\n<div class=\"mobile-title mobile-banner\">\n<p class=\"mobile-header\">Gender and Sex Science in Athletics<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<style>.mobile-banner{background-image: url(\"\/anatneuro\/files\/2020\/12\/budissonance.png\"); background-size: cover;}<\/style>\n<p><!-- ___________________Banner___________________ --><\/p>\n<div class=\"student-parallax\">\n<div class=\"true-nav nav-border\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"title-padding\">\n<p class=\"title-header\">Gender and Sex Science in Athletics<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- ___________________Text___________________ --><\/p>\n<div style=\"padding-right: 10vw; padding-left: 10vw; padding-bottom: 20px;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rivera E, Filimonov AK, Allos AN, Wisco JJ. A Grounded Theory Thematic Meta-Analysis of Gender and Sex Science in the Field of Athletics. 2023; in preparation.<\/p>\n<p>Code book of papers analyzed using grounded theory thematic meta-analysis (GTTMA). Each theme is broken down into sub-themes and followed by the second level of representative open codes from the analysis.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- ___________________Table 1___________________ --><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span class=\"boldBlue\" style=\"color: #00004f;\">Table 1: Sports and Training<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"table-wrapper\">\n<table class=\"fl-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 75%;\">Study<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 25%;\">Subtheme<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Virvidakis K, Georgiou E, Korkotsidis A, Ntalles K, Proukakis C. Bone mineral content of junior competitive weightlifters. Int J Sports Med. 1990 Jun;11(3):244-6. doi: 10.1055\/s-2007-1024800. PMID: 2373585.<\/td>\n<td>Benefits<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Kannus P, Haapasalo H, Siev\u00e4nen H, Oja P, Vuori I. The site-specific effects of long-term unilateral activity on bone mineral density and content. Bone. 1994 May-Jun;15(3):279-84. doi: 10.1016\/8756-3282(94)90289-5. PMID: 8068448.<\/td>\n<td>Benefits<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Kraemer WJ, Mazzetti SA, Nindl BC, Gotshalk LA, Volek JS, Bush JA, Marx JO, Dohi K, G\u00f3mez AL, Miles M, Fleck SJ, Newton RU, H\u00e4kkinen K. Effect of resistance training on women&#8217;s strength\/power and occupational performances. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001 Jun;33(6):1011-25. doi: 10.1097\/00005768-200106000-00022. PMID: 11404668.<\/td>\n<td>Benefits<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Puthon L, Bouzat P, Rupp T, Robach P, Favre-Juvin A, Verges S. Physiological characteristics of elite high-altitude climbers. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2016 Sep;26(9):1052-9. doi: 10.1111\/sms.12547. Epub 2015 Aug 27. PMID: 26314388.<\/td>\n<td>Benefits<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Gomez-Bruton A, Matute-Llorente A, Pardos-Mainer E, Gonzalez-Aguero A, Gomez-Cabello A, Casajus JA, Vicente-Rodriguez G. Factors affecting children and adolescents 50 meter performance in freestyle swimming. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2016 Dec;56(12):1439-1447. Epub 2015 Sep 23. PMID: 26398204.<\/td>\n<td>Benefits<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Fett J, Ulbricht A, Ferrauti A. Impact of Physical Performance and Anthropometric Characteristics on Serve Velocity in Elite Junior Tennis Players. J Strength Cond Res. 2020 Jan;34(1):192-202. doi: 10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002641. PMID: 29912079.<\/td>\n<td>Benefits<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Garc\u00eda Pallar\u00e9s J, L\u00f3pez-Gull\u00f3n JM, Torres-Bonete MD, Izquierdo M. Physical fitness factors to predict female Olympic wrestling performance and sex differences. J Strength Cond Res. 2012 Mar;26(3):794-803. doi: 10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31824741e7. PMID: 22207259.<\/td>\n<td>Benefits<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Aoyagi Y, McLellan TM, Shephard RJ. Interactions of physical training and heat acclimation. The thermophysiology of exercising in a hot climate. Sports Med. 1997 Mar;23(3):173-210. doi: 10.2165\/00007256-199723030-00004. PMID: 9108637.<\/td>\n<td>Benefits<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Cheuvront SN, Haymes EM. Thermoregulation and marathon running: biological and environmental influences. Sports Med. 2001;31(10):743-62. doi: 10.2165\/00007256-200131100-00004. PMID: 11547895.<\/td>\n<td>Benefits<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Bosselaers I, Buemann B, Victor OJ, Astrup A. Twenty-four-hour energy<br \/>\nexpenditure and substrate utilization in body builders. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994<br \/>\nJan;59(1):10-2. doi: 10.1093\/ajcn\/59.1.10. PMID: 8279388.<\/td>\n<td>Benefits<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Owen C, Till K, Weakley J, Jones B. Testing methods and physical qualities<br \/>\nof male age grade rugby union players: A systematic review. PLoS One. 2020 Jun<br \/>\n4;15(6):e0233796. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0233796. PMID: 32497130; PMCID:<br \/>\nPMC7272054.<\/td>\n<td>Benefits<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Schipilow JD, Macdonald HM, Liphardt AM, Kan M, Boyd SK. Bone micro-<br \/>\narchitecture, estimated bone strength, and the muscle-bone interaction in elite<br \/>\nathletes: an HR-pQCT study. Bone. 2013 Oct;56(2):281-9. doi:<br \/>\n10.1016\/j.bone.2013.06.014. Epub 2013 Jun 22. PMID: 23800515.<\/td>\n<td>Benefits<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Ward KA, Roberts SA, Adams JE, Mughal MZ. Bone geometry and density in the<br \/>\nskeleton of pre-pubertal gymnasts and school children. Bone. 2005<br \/>\nJun;36(6):1012-8. doi: 10.1016\/j.bone.2005.03.001. PMID: 15876561.<\/td>\n<td>Benefits<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">R\u00f8nsen O, B\u00f8rsheim E, Bahr R, Klarlund Pedersen B, Haug E, Kjeldsen-Kragh J,<br \/>\nH\u00f8stmark AT. Immuno-endocrine and metabolic responses to long distance ski<br \/>\nracing in world-class male and female cross-country skiers. Scand J Med Sci<br \/>\nSports. 2004 Feb;14(1):39-48. doi: 10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2003.00333.x. PMID:<br \/>\n14723787.<\/td>\n<td>Benefits<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">di Cagno A, Baldari C, Battaglia C, Guidetti L, Piazza M. Anthropometric<br \/>\ncharacteristics evolution in elite rhythmic gymnasts. Ital J Anat Embryol. 2008<br \/>\nJan-Mar;113(1):29-35. PMID: 18491452.<\/td>\n<td>Benefits<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Vigotsky AD, Bryanton MA, Nuckols G, Beardsley C, Contreras B, Evans J,<br \/>\nSchoenfeld BJ. Biomechanical, Anthropometric, and Psychological Determinants of<br \/>\nBarbell Back Squat Strength. J Strength Cond Res. 2019 Jul;33 Suppl 1:S26-S35.<br \/>\ndoi: 10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002535. PMID: 29489722.<\/td>\n<td>Benefits<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Siev\u00e4nen H, Zagorski P, Drozdzowska B, V\u00e4h\u00e4-Ypy\u00e4 H, Boron D, Adamczyk P,<br \/>\nPluskiewicz W. Alpine skiing is associated with higher femoral neck bone mineral<br \/>\ndensity. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2015 Sep;15(3):264-9. PMID:<br \/>\n26350945; PMCID: PMC5601239.<\/td>\n<td>Benefits<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Obour A, Moses MO, Baffour-Awuah B, Asamoah B, Sarpong PK, Osei F, Akwa LG,<br \/>\nAppiah EJ. Differences in Physical, Physiological and Motor Performance Traits<br \/>\nbetween Volleyball and Basketball Athletes in a University in Ghana. Niger J<br \/>\nPhysiol Sci. 2017 Jun 30;32(1):27-31. PMID: 29134974.<\/td>\n<td>Benefits<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Wang YC, Zhang N. Effects of plyometric training on soccer players. Exp Ther<br \/>\nMed. 2016 Aug;12(2):550-554. doi: 10.3892\/etm.2016.3419. Epub 2016 Jun 3. PMID:<br \/>\n27446242; PMCID: PMC4950532.<\/td>\n<td>Benefits<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Marini M, Sgambati E, Barni E, Piazza M, Monaci M. Pain syndromes in<br \/>\ncompetitive elite level female artistic gymnasts. Role of specific preventive-<br \/>\ncompensative activity. Ital J Anat Embryol. 2008 Jan-Mar;113(1):47-54. Erratum<br \/>\nin: Ital J Anat Embryol. 2008 Jul-Sep;113(3):197. Mirca, Marini [corrected to<br \/>\nMarini, Mirca]; Eleonora, Sgambati [corrected to Sgambati, Eleonora]; Edy, Barni<br \/>\n[corrected to Barni, Edy]; Marina, Piazza [corrected to Piazza, Marina]; Marco,<br \/>\nMonaci [corrected to Monaci, Marco]. PMID: 18491454.<\/td>\n<td>Benefits<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Greeves JP. Physiological Implications, Performance Assessment and Risk<br \/>\nMitigation Strategies of Women in Combat-Centric Occupations. J Strength Cond<br \/>\nRes. 2015 Nov;29 Suppl 11:S94-100. doi: 10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001116. PMID:<br \/>\n26506206.<\/td>\n<td>Benefits<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Storey A, Smith HK. Unique aspects of competitive weightlifting: performance, training and physiology. Sports Med. 2012 Sep 1;42(9):769-90. Doi 10.1007\/BF03262294. PMID: 22873835.<\/td>\n<td>Sex differences<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Gomez-Ezeiza J, Tam N, Torres-Unda J, Granados C, Santos-Concejero J. Anthropometric characteristics of top-class Olympic race walkers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2019 Mar;59(3):429-433. doi: 10.23736\/S0022-4707.18.08363-9. Epub 2018 Apr 20. PMID: 29687690.<\/td>\n<td>Sex differences<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Woodgate MA, Gann JJ, Hey W, Jung HC. Morphological and Physical Profile of a Collegiate Water Skier. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jan 28;18(3):1150. doi: 10.3390\/ijerph18031150. PMID: 33525479; PMCID: PMC7908322.<\/td>\n<td>Sex differences<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Casals C, Huertas JR, Franchini E, Sterkowicz-Przybycie\u0144 K, Sterkowicz S,<br \/>\nGuti\u00e9rrez-Garc\u00eda C, Escobar-Molina R. Special Judo Fitness Test Level and<br \/>\nAnthropometric Profile of Elite Spanish Judo Athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2017<br \/>\nMay;31(5):1229-1235. doi: 10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001261. PMID: 26562711.<\/td>\n<td>Sex differences<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Gorski T, Rosser T, Hoppeler H, Vogt M. An anthropometric and physical<br \/>\nprofile of young Swiss alpine skiers between 2004 and 2011. Int J Sports Physiol<br \/>\nPerform. 2014 Jan;9(1):108-16. doi: 10.1123\/ijspp.2013-0223. Epub 2013 Sep 30.<br \/>\nPMID: 24085326.<\/td>\n<td>Sex differences<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Gomez-Ezeiza J, Tam N, Torres-Unda J, Granados C, Santos-Concejero J.<br \/>\nAnthropometric characteristics of top-class Olympic race walkers. J Sports Med<br \/>\nPhys Fitness. 2019 Mar;59(3):429-433. doi: 10.23736\/S0022-4707.18.08363-9. Epub<br \/>\n2018 Apr 20. PMID: 29687690.<\/td>\n<td>Sex differences<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">St\u00f6ggl R, M\u00fcller E, St\u00f6ggl T. Motor abilities and anthropometrics in youth<br \/>\ncross-country skiing. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015 Feb;25(1):e70-81. doi:<br \/>\n10.1111\/sms.12254. Epub 2014 Jun 3. PMID: 24894129.<\/td>\n<td>Sex differences<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Ma\u00efmoun L, Coste O, Jaussent A, Mariano-Goulart D, Sultan C, Paris F. Bone<br \/>\nmass acquisition in female rhythmic gymnasts during puberty: no direct role for<br \/>\nleptin. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010 May;72(5):604-11. doi:<br \/>\n10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03718.x. Epub 2009 Sep 22. PMID: 19778294.<\/td>\n<td>Sex differences<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Sandbakk \u00d8, Solli GS, Holmberg HC. Sex Differences in World-Record<br \/>\nPerformance: The Influence of Sport Discipline and Competition Duration. Int J<br \/>\nSports Physiol Perform. 2018 Jan 1;13(1):2-8. doi: 10.1123\/ijspp.2017-0196. Epub<br \/>\n2018 Jan 2. PMID: 28488921.<\/td>\n<td>Sex differences<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Ranson R, Stratton G, Taylor SR. Digit ratio (2D:4D) and physical fitness<br \/>\n(Eurofit test battery) in school children. Early Hum Dev. 2015 May;91(5):327-31.<br \/>\ndoi: 10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2015.03.005. Epub 2015 Apr 4. PMID: 25846842.<\/td>\n<td>Sex differences<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">G\u00fcng\u00f6r G, Karakurt Z, Adig\u00fczel N, Aydin RE, Balci MK, Salt\u00fcrk C, Sancar R,<br \/>\nSolmaz S, Mo\u00e7in \u00d6Y. The 6-minute walk test in chronic respiratory failure: does<br \/>\nobserved or predicted walk distance better reflect patient functional status?<br \/>\nRespir Care. 2013 May;58(5):850-7. doi: 10.4187\/respcare.02009. PMID: 23107072.<\/td>\n<td>Tests of athletic ability<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Gardner AW, Parker DE, Montgomery PS, Blevins SM. Step-monitored home<br \/>\nexercise improves ambulation, vascular function, and inflammation in symptomatic<br \/>\npatients with peripheral artery disease: a randomized controlled trial. J Am<br \/>\nHeart Assoc. 2014 Sep 18;3(5):e001107. doi: 10.1161\/JAHA.114.001107. PMID:<br \/>\n25237048; PMCID: PMC4323792.<\/td>\n<td>Tests of athletic ability<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Lockie RG, Moreno MR, Rodas KA, Dulla JM, Orr RM, Dawes JJ. With great power<br \/>\ncomes great ability: Extending research on fitness characteristics that<br \/>\ninfluence work sample test battery performance in law enforcement recruits.<br \/>\nWork. 2021;68(4):1069-1080. doi: 10.3233\/WOR-213437. PMID: 33867373.<\/td>\n<td>Tests of athletic ability<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Kim PS, Mayhew JL, Peterson DF. A modified YMCA bench press test as a<br \/>\npredictor of 1 repetition maximum bench press strength. J Strength Cond Res.<br \/>\n2002 Aug;16(3):440-5. PMID: 12173960.<\/td>\n<td>Tests of athletic ability<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Niebuhr DW, Page WF, Cowan DN, Urban N, Gubata ME, Richard P. Cost-<br \/>\neffectiveness analysis of the U.S. Army Assessment of Recruit Motivation and<br \/>\nStrength (ARMS) program. Mil Med. 2013 Oct;178(10):1102-10. doi:<br \/>\n10.7205\/MILMED-D-13-00108. PMID: 24083923.<\/td>\n<td>Tests of athletic ability<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Allison KF, Keenan KA, Lovalekar M, Mi Q, Beals K, Coleman LCLC, Nindl BC.<br \/>\nFight load index and body composition are most associated with combat fitness in<br \/>\nfemale Marines. J Sci Med Sport. 2019 Apr;22(4):494-499. doi:<br \/>\n10.1016\/j.jsams.2018.10.014. Epub 2018 Nov 6. PMID: 30448087.<\/td>\n<td>Tests of athletic ability<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Blain H, Jaussent A, B\u00e9ziat S, Dupuy AM, Bernard PL, Mariano-Goulart D,<br \/>\nCristol JP, Sultan C, Picot MC. Low serum IL-6 is associated with high 6-minute<br \/>\nwalking performance in asymptomatic women aged 20 to 70years. Exp Gerontol. 2012<br \/>\nFeb;47(2):143-8. doi: 10.1016\/j.exger.2011.11.008. Epub 2011 Nov 23. PMID:<br \/>\n22123428.<\/td>\n<td>Tests of athletic ability<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Sajber D, Maric D, Rodek J, Sekulic D, Liposek S. Toward Prevention of Doping in Youth Sport: Cross-Sectional Analysis of Correlates of Doping Tendency in Swimming. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Dec 2;16(23):4851. Doi: 10.3390\/ijerph16234851. PMID: 31810337; PMCID: PMC6926806.<\/td>\n<td>Consequences<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Woods KM, Petron DJ, Shultz BB, Hicks-Little CA. Lower Leg Anterior and<br \/>\nLateral Intracompartmental Pressure Changes Before and After Classic Versus<br \/>\nSkate Nordic Rollerskiing. J Athl Train. 2015 Aug;50(8):812-8. doi:<br \/>\n10.4085\/1062-6050-49.03.101. Epub 2015 Jun 19. PMID: 26090709; PMCID:<br \/>\nPMC4629937<\/td>\n<td>Consequences<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Sch\u00e4fer J, Gaulrapp H, Pf\u00f6rringer W. Verletzungen und Uberlastungssyndrome<br \/>\nbeim extremen Sportklettern [Acute and chronic overuse injuries in extreme<br \/>\nsport-climbing]. Sportverletz Sportschaden. 1998 Mar;12(1):21-5. German. doi:<br \/>\n10.1055\/s-2007-993330. PMID: 9592915.<\/td>\n<td>Consequences<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p><strong>Benefits<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u201cjunior competitive weightlifters have an increased bone mineral content (BMC), well above the age-matched controls&#8217; mean.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cintensive tennis playing led to a significant increase in the BMD and BMC of the playing extremity.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cperiodized progressive strength\/ resistance training was associated with continued significant improvements in high-intensity physical performance, and adaptations in strength, power, and endurance were specific to the subtle differences in the resistance training programs.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cclimbers exhibited slower breathing frequency, larger tidal volume and larger muscle oxygenation index.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cthese results suggest that elite climbers show some specific ventilatory and muscular responses to hypoxia possibly because of genetic factors or adaptation to frequent high-altitude climbing.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sex differences <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This article presents the sex-related differences and specific physical characteristics of weightlifters: \u201cto reduce the typical sex-related difference in the expression of neuromuscular strength and power.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cgreater body fat content, less muscle mass, endomorphic (large effect) than men\u201d, all of which are: \u201call key anthropometrical characteristics required to excel in endurance events.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cmale water skiers were lower in endomorphic component and better in power, speed, and cardiorespiratory fitness than female water skiers.\u201d<\/p>\n<p> \u201can alarming doping susceptibility in youth swimmers among youth age swimmers.\u201d  <\/p>\n<p>The results showed that: \u201cthe associations between the coaching strategies and training methodologies CS&#038;TM variables and potential doping behavior in junior swimmers were nonsignificant\u2026 A lower susceptibility to doping in girls who were more successful, and, a greater potential doping behavior to doping PDB in girls who initiated an intensive training regimen at a younger age.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cboys who had better knowledge about nutrition and dietary supplementation were less prone to doping.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOur results indicated that 71% of swimmers had a negative doping tendency. In previous studies where authors used the same measurement tools, a lower tendency toward PDB was found in sailing athletes (82%) and tennis players (75%), and a somewhat higher tendency was found in team sport athletes and synchronized swimmers (approximately 62\u201363% with negative PDB). Conversely, a much higher likelihood of doping has been reported for weightlifters, kickboxers, and rugby players (30%, 45%, and 51.4% negative PDB, respectively). The results of the doping tendency of youth swimmers in the present study are comparable to previous studies, where authors reported similar values for adult swimmers (>18 years): approximately 80% of swimmers had a negative tendency toward doping. Altogether, these results place swimming among the sports with a high risk of doping behavior, which is directly supported by 2016 WADA reports of positive analytical findings\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- ___________________Table 2___________________ --><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span class=\"boldBlue\" style=\"color: #00004f;\">Table 2: Physiology<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"table-wrapper\">\n<table class=\"fl-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 75%;\">Musculoskeletal System<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 25%;\">Subtheme<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Pokan R, Schwaberger G, Klein W. Frauen im Leistungssport aus sportmedizinischer Sicht [Females in performance sports from the sports medicine viewpoint]. Wien Med Wochenschr. 1992;142(14):314-22. German. PMID: 1441568.<\/td>\n<td>Musculoskeletal system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Abe T, Kearns CF, Fukunaga T. Sex differences in whole body skeletal muscle mass measured by magnetic resonance imaging and its distribution in young Japanese adults. Br J Sports Med. 2003;37(5):436-40. doi: 10.1136\/bjsm.37.5.436. PMID: 14514537; PMCID: PMC1751351<\/td>\n<td>Musculoskeletal system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Racinais S. Different effects of heat exposure upon exercise performance in<br \/>\nthe morning and afternoon. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010 Oct;20 Suppl 3:80-9.<br \/>\ndoi: 10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2010.01212.x. PMID: 21029194.<\/td>\n<td>Musculoskeletal system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Manning J, Kilduff L, Cook C, Crewther B, Fink B. Digit Ratio (2D:4D): A<br \/>\nBiomarker for Prenatal Sex Steroids and Adult Sex Steroids in Challenge<br \/>\nSituations. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2014 Jan 30;5:9. doi:<br \/>\n10.3389\/fendo.2014.00009. PMID: 24523714; PMCID: PMC3906590.<\/td>\n<td>Musculoskeletal system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Bijlsma AY, Meskers MC, Molendijk M, Westendorp RG, Sipil\u00e4 S, Stenroth L,<br \/>\nSillanp\u00e4\u00e4 E, McPhee JS, Jones DA, Narici M, Gapeyeva H, P\u00e4\u00e4suke M, Seppet E,<br \/>\nVoit T, Barnouin Y, Hogrel JY, Butler-Browne G, Maier AB. Diagnostic measures<br \/>\nfor sarcopenia and bone mineral density. Osteoporos Int. 2013<br \/>\nOct;24(10):2681-91. doi: 10.1007\/s00198-013-2376-8. Epub 2013 May 7. PMID:<br \/>\n23649802.<\/td>\n<td>Musculoskeletal system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Janz KF, Letuchy EM, Burns TL, Francis SL, Levy SM. Muscle Power Predicts<br \/>\nAdolescent Bone Strength: Iowa Bone Development Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc.<br \/>\n2015 Oct;47(10):2201-6. doi: 10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000648. PMID: 25751769;<br \/>\nPMCID: PMC4549233.<\/td>\n<td>Musculoskeletal system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Saint-Maurice PF, Laurson K, Welk GJ, Eisenmann J, Gracia-Marco L, Artero<br \/>\nEG, Ortega F, Ruiz JR, Moreno LA, Vicente-Rodriguez G, Janz KF. Grip strength<br \/>\ncutpoints for youth based on a clinically relevant bone health outcome. Arch<br \/>\nOsteoporos. 2018 Aug 27;13(1):92. doi: 10.1007\/s11657-018-0502-0. PMID:<br \/>\n30151617.<\/td>\n<td>Musculoskeletal system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Ribom E, Ljunggren O, Piehl-Aulin K, Ljunghall S, Bratteby LE, Samuelson G,<br \/>\nMallmin H. Muscle strength correlates with total body bone mineral density in<br \/>\nyoung women but not in men. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2004 Feb;14(1):24-9. doi:<br \/>\n10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2003.00346.x. PMID: 14723784.<\/td>\n<td>Musculoskeletal system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Haines TL, McBride JM, Triplett NT, Skinner JW, Fairbrother KR, Kirby TJ. A<br \/>\ncomparison of men&#8217;s and women&#8217;s strength to body mass ratio and varus\/valgus<br \/>\nknee angle during jump landings. J Sports Sci. 2011 Oct;29(13):1435-42. doi:<br \/>\n10.1080\/02640414.2011.599039. Epub 2011 Sep 15. PMID: 21916796.<\/td>\n<td>Musculoskeletal system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Hurwitz DE, Sumner DR, Andriacchi TP, Sugar DA. Dynamic knee loads during<br \/>\ngait predict proximal tibial bone distribution. J Biomech. 1998<br \/>\nMay;31(5):423-30. doi: 10.1016\/s0021-9290(98)00028-1. PMID: 9727339.<\/td>\n<td>Musculoskeletal system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Amaro-Gahete FJ, De-la-O A, Jurado-Fasoli L, Espuch-Oliver A, de Haro T,<br \/>\nGuti\u00e9rrez \u00c1, Ruiz JR, Castillo MJ. Body Composition and S-Klotho Plasma Levels<br \/>\nin Middle-Aged Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. Rejuvenation Res. 2019<br \/>\nDec;22(6):478-483. doi: 10.1089\/rej.2018.2092. Epub 2019 Mar 1. PMID: 30672377.<\/td>\n<td>Musculoskeletal system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Peltonen JE, H\u00e4gglund H, Koskela-Koivisto T, Koponen AS, Aho JM, Rissanen AP, Shoemaker JK, Tiitinen A, Tikkanen HO. Alveolar gas exchange, oxygen delivery and tissue deoxygenation in men and women during incremental exercise. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2013 Aug 15;188(2):102-12. Doi: 10.1016\/j.resp.2013.05.014. Epub 2013 May 24. PMID: 23707876.<\/td>\n<td>Respiratory system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Boone J, Celie B, Dumortier J, Barstow TJ, De Bleecker J, Smet J, Van Lander<br \/>\nA, Van Coster R, Bourgois J. Forearm muscle oxygenation responses during and<br \/>\nfollowing arterial occlusion in patients with mitochondrial myopathy. Respir<br \/>\nPhysiol Neurobiol. 2014 Jan 1;190:70-5. doi: 10.1016\/j.resp.2013.09.007. Epub<br \/>\n2013 Sep 23. PMID: 24070894.<\/td>\n<td>Respiratory system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Ishikawa A, Otaka Y, Kamisako M, Suzuki T, Miyata C, Tsuji T, Matsumoto H,<br \/>\nKato J, Mori T, Okamoto S, Liu M. Factors affecting lower limb muscle strength<br \/>\nand cardiopulmonary fitness after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell<br \/>\ntransplantation. Support Care Cancer. 2019 May;27(5):1793-1800. doi:<br \/>\n10.1007\/s00520-018-4433-5. Epub 2018 Aug 28. PMID: 30155567; PMCID: PMC6449287.<\/td>\n<td>Respiratory system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Wiecek M, Szymura J, Maciejczyk M, Cempla J, Szygula Z. Effect of sex and<br \/>\nmenstrual cycle in women on starting speed, anaerobic endurance and muscle<br \/>\npower. Physiol Int. 2016 Mar;103(1):127-32. doi: 10.1556\/036.103.2016.1.13.<br \/>\nPMID: 27030635.<\/td>\n<td>Respiratory system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Ruby BC, Robergs RA. Gender differences in substrate utilisation during<br \/>\nexercise. Sports Med. 1994 Jun;17(6):393-410. doi:<br \/>\n10.2165\/00007256-199417060-00005. PMID: 8091048.<\/td>\n<td>Respiratory system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Quinn KM, Billaut F, Bulmer AC, Minahan CL. Cerebral oxygenation declines<br \/>\nbut does not impair peak oxygen uptake during incremental cycling in women using<br \/>\noral contraceptives. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2018 Nov;118(11):2417-2427. doi:<br \/>\n10.1007\/s00421-018-3968-y. Epub 2018 Aug 23. PMID: 30167957.<\/td>\n<td>Respiratory system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Tarnopolsky LJ, MacDougall JD, Atkinson SA, Tarnopolsky MA, Sutton JR.<br \/>\nGender differences in substrate for endurance exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985).<br \/>\n1990 Jan;68(1):302-8. doi: 10.1152\/jappl.1990.68.1.302. PMID: 2179207.<\/td>\n<td>Respiratory system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Wiecek M, Maciejczyk M, Szymura J, Szygula Z. Effect of maximal-intensity<br \/>\nexercise on systemic nitro-oxidative stress in men and women. Redox Rep. 2017<br \/>\nJul;22(4):176-182. doi: 10.1080\/13510002.2016.1169622. Epub 2016 Apr 14. PMID:<br \/>\n27077457; PMCID: PMC6837471.<\/td>\n<td>Respiratory system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Deruisseau KC, Roberts LM, Kushnick MR, Evans AM, Austin K, Haymes EM. Iron status of young males and females performing weight-training exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004 Feb;36(2):241-8. doi: 10.1249\/01.MSS.0000113483.13339.7B. PMID: 14767246.<\/td>\n<td>Cardiovascular system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Kyr\u00f6l\u00e4inen H, Hackney AC, Salminen R, Repola J, H\u00e4kkinen K, Haimi J. Effects of Combined Strength and Endurance Training on Physical Performance and Biomarkers of Healthy Young Women. J Strength Cond Res. 2018 Jun;32(6):1554-1561. doi: 10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002034. PMID: 29076960.<\/td>\n<td>Cardiovascular system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Bye A, Klevjer M, Ryeng E, Silva GJJD, Moreira JBN, Stensvold D, Wisl\u00f8ff U.<br \/>\nIdentification of novel genetic variants associated with cardiorespiratory<br \/>\nfitness. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2020 May-Jun;63(3):341-349. doi:<br \/>\n10.1016\/j.pcad.2020.02.001. Epub 2020 Feb 6. PMID: 32035127.<\/td>\n<td>Cardiovascular system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Pissanos BW, Moore JB, Reeve TG. Age, sex, and body composition as<br \/>\npredictors of children&#8217;s performance on basic motor abilities and health-related<br \/>\nfitness items. Percept Mot Skills. 1983 Feb;56(1):71-7. doi:<br \/>\n10.2466\/pms.1983.56.1.71. PMID: 6844082.<\/td>\n<td>Cardiovascular system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Hausswirth C, Le Meur Y. Physiological and nutritional aspects of post-exercise recovery: specific recommendations for female athletes. Sports Med.2011 Oct 1;41(10):861-82. doi: 10.2165\/11593180-000000000-00000. PMID: 21923203.<\/td>\n<td>Nervous system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Hutchins KP, Borg DN, Bach AJE, Bon JJ, Minett GM, Stewart IB. Female<br \/>\n(Under) Representation in Exercise Thermoregulation Research. Sports Med Open.<br \/>\n2021 Jun 22;7(1):43. doi: 10.1186\/s40798-021-00334-6. PMID: 34156570; PMCID:<br \/>\nPMC8219822.<\/td>\n<td>Nervous system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Fragala MS, Kraemer WJ, Denegar CR, Maresh CM, Mastro AM, Volek JS.<br \/>\nNeuroendocrine-immune interactions and responses to exercise. Sports Med. 2011<br \/>\nAug 1;41(8):621-39. doi: 10.2165\/11590430-000000000-00000. PMID: 21780849.<\/td>\n<td>Nervous system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Sekulic D, Spasic M, Mirkov D, Cavar M, Sattler T. Gender-specific influences of balance, speed, and power on agility performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2013 Mar;27(3):802-11. doi: 10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31825c2cb0. PMID: 22580982.<\/td>\n<td>Athletic skills<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Wiecek M, Szymura J, Maciejczyk M, Cempla J, Szygula Z. Effect of sex and menstrual cycle in women on starting speed, anaerobic endurance and muscle power. Physiol Int. 2016 Mar;103(1):127-32. doi: 10.1556\/036.103.2016.1.13. PMID: 27030635.<\/td>\n<td>Athletic skills<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Paradis-Desch\u00eanes P, Joanisse DR, Billaut F. Sex-Specific Impact of Ischemic<br \/>\nPreconditioning on Tissue Oxygenation and Maximal Concentric Force. Front<br \/>\nPhysiol. 2017 Jan 5;7:674. doi: 10.3389\/fphys.2016.00674. PMID: 28105020; PMCID:<br \/>\nPMC5215068.<\/td>\n<td>Athletic skills<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Sinnett AM, Berg K, Latin RW, Noble JM. The relationship between field tests<br \/>\nof anaerobic power and 10-km run performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2001<br \/>\nNov;15(4):405-12. PMID: 11726249.<\/td>\n<td>Athletic skills<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Santos DA, Dawson JA, Matias CN, Rocha PM, Minderico CS, Allison DB, Sardinha<br \/>\nLB, Silva AM. Reference values for body composition and anthropometric<br \/>\nmeasurements in athletes. PLoS One. 2014 May 15;9(5):e97846. doi:<br \/>\n10.1371\/journal.pone.0097846. PMID: 24830292; PMCID: PMC4022746.<\/td>\n<td>Athletic skills<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Sanborn CF, Jankowski CM. Physiologic considerations for women in sport. Clin Sports Med. 1994 Apr;13(2):315-27. PMID: 8013035.<\/td>\n<td>Body weight<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Karppanen AK, Ahonen SM, Tammelin T, Vanhala M, Korpelainen R. Physical<br \/>\nactivity and fitness in 8-year-old overweight and normal weight children and<br \/>\ntheir parents. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2012 Mar 23;71:17621. doi:<br \/>\n10.3402\/ijch.v71i0.17621. PMID: 22456036; PMCID: PMC3417637.<\/td>\n<td>Body weight**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Bibiloni MDM, Karam J, Bouzas C, Aparicio-Ugarriza R, Pedrero-Chamizo R,<br \/>\nSureda A, Gonz\u00e1lez-Gross M, Tur JA. Association between Physical Condition and<br \/>\nBody Composition, Nutrient Intake, Sociodemographic Characteristics, and<br \/>\nLifestyle Habits in Older Spanish Adults. Nutrients. 2018 Nov 1;10(11):1608.<br \/>\ndoi: 10.3390\/nu10111608. PMID: 30388779; PMCID: PMC6267281.<\/td>\n<td>Body weight<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Woo J, Leung J. Sarcopenic Obesity Revisited: Insights From the Mr and Ms Os<br \/>\nCohort. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018 Aug;19(8):679-684.e2. doi:<br \/>\n10.1016\/j.jamda.2018.03.003. Epub 2018 Apr 17. PMID: 29678696.<\/td>\n<td>Body weight<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Nindl BC, Friedl KE, Frykman PN, Marchitelli LJ, Shippee RL, Patton JF.<br \/>\nPhysical performance and metabolic recovery among lean, healthy men following a<br \/>\nprolonged energy deficit. Int J Sports Med. 1997 Jul;18(5):317-24. doi:<br \/>\n10.1055\/s-2007-972640. PMID: 9298770.<\/td>\n<td>Body weight<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Celec P, Behuliak M. Behavioural and endocrine effects of chronic cola<br \/>\nintake. J Psychopharmacol. 2010 Oct;24(10):1569-72. doi:10.1177\/0269881109105401. Epub 2009 May 7. PMID: 19423611.<\/td>\n<td>Animal studies<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Healy SD, Braham SR, Braithwaite VA. Spatial working memory in rats: no<br \/>\ndifferences between the sexes. Proc Biol Sci. 1999 Nov 22;266(1435):2303-8. doi:<br \/>\n10.1098\/rspb.1999.0923. PMID: 10629980; PMCID: PMC1690445.<\/td>\n<td>Animal studies<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p><em>Musculoskeletal<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u201cthe different capacity of the sexes with respect to strength is rooted in the differently dimensioned cross sections of the muscle fibres and in the higher activation capability of the skeletal muscles of men.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cno differences exist with respect to the relative proportions of the ST-, FTa- and FTb-fibres and with respect to the biochemistry of the muscles\u2026 It is true, that women have a smaller heart volume and lower values for the maximum oxygen uptake, but these differences or by no means related to sex alone.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cas regards the energy substrates, there is the hypothesis that women have better utilization of free fatty acids under conditions of prolonged and intensive physical work.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cMen had larger (p<0.01) total and regional SM mass than women.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><em>Cardiovascular System<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u201clower hemoglobin concentration in both males and females after 12 wk of weight training and reduced iron stores after 8 wk in males with initially adequate iron levels.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cboth cardiovascular and muscular functions were improved as were blood lipid profiles, and small, positive but significant changes in body composition were also observed in response to 9 weeks of endurance and strength training sessions.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><em>Nervous System<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u201cIn the post-exercise period, females display lower thermolytic capacities than males. Therefore, the use of cooling recovery methods following exercise, such as cold water immersion or the use of a cooling vest, appear particularly beneficial for female athletes. In addition, a greater decrease in arterial blood pressure is observed after exercise in females than in males. Given that the return to homeostasis after a brief intense exercise appears linked to maintaining good venous return, it is conceivable that female athletes would find a greater advantage to active recovery modes than males.This article reviews some of the major sex differences in the metabolic, inflammatory and thermoregulatory response to exercise and its subsequent recovery.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><em>Athletic Skills <\/em><\/p>\n<p>&#8220;the results of this study demonstrate that (a) power and running speed are more significantly related to agility manifestations among female collegiate athletes than among their male peers, whereas (b) balance is found to be important predictor of the agility measures among men but not among women.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>\u201cmen attained peak power in a significantly shorter time than the women; the power decrease was also significantly quicker with time in the men\u2019s group, while \u201cthe time of maintaining power was similar in both groups.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><em>Body weight<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u201cdisordered eating, iron deficiency anemia, amenorrhea, premature osteoporosis, and injuries.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>** also in Youth<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- ___________________Table 3___________________ --><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span class=\"boldBlue\" style=\"color: #00004f;\">Table 3: Nutrition<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"table-wrapper\">\n<table class=\"fl-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 75%;\">Study<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 25%;\">Subtheme<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Valtue\u00f1a J, Gracia-Marco L, Huybrechts I, Breidenassel C, Ferrari M,<br \/>\nGottrand F, Dallongeville J, Sioen I, Gutierrez A, Kersting M, Kafatos A, Manios<br \/>\nY, Widhalm K, Moreno LA, Gonz\u00e1lez-Gross M; Helena Study Group. Cardiorespiratory<br \/>\nfitness in males, and upper limbs muscular strength in females, are positively<br \/>\nrelated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D plasma concentrations in European adolescents:<br \/>\nthe HELENA study. QJM. 2013 Sep;106(9):809-21. doi: 10.1093\/qjmed\/hct089. Epub<br \/>\n2013 May 8. PMID: 23657707.<\/td>\n<td>Supplements<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Forbes SC, Candow DG, Smith-Ryan AE, Hirsch KR, Roberts MD, VanDusseldorp TA,<br \/>\nStratton MT, Kaviani M, Little JP. Supplements and Nutritional Interventions to<br \/>\nAugment High-Intensity Interval Training Physiological and Performance<br \/>\nAdaptations-A Narrative Review. Nutrients. 2020 Jan 31;12(2):390. doi:<br \/>\n10.3390\/nu12020390. PMID: 32024038; PMCID: PMC7071320.<\/td>\n<td>Supplements<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Glenn JM, Gray M, Wethington LN, Stone MS, Stewart RW Jr, Moyen NE. Acute<br \/>\ncitrulline malate supplementation improves upper- and lower-body submaximal<br \/>\nweightlifting exercise performance in resistance-trained females. Eur J Nutr.<br \/>\n2017 Mar;56(2):775-784. doi: 10.1007\/s00394-015-1124-6. Epub 2015 Dec 11. PMID:<br \/>\n26658899.<\/td>\n<td>Supplements<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Grgic J, Grgic I, Pickering C, Schoenfeld BJ, Bishop DJ, Pedisic Z. Wake up<br \/>\nand smell the coffee: caffeine supplementation and exercise performance-an<br \/>\numbrella review of 21 published meta-analyses. Br J Sports Med. 2020<br \/>\nJun;54(11):681-688. doi: 10.1136\/bjsports-2018-100278. Epub 2019 Mar 29. PMID: 30926628.<\/td>\n<td>Supplements<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Dreher M, Ehlert T, Simon P, Neuberger EWI. Boost Me: Prevalence and Reasons<br \/>\nfor the Use of Stimulant Containing Pre Workout Supplements Among Fitness Studio<br \/>\nVisitors in Mainz (Germany). Front Psychol. 2018 Jul 17;9:1134. doi:<br \/>\n10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01134. PMID: 30065677; PMCID: PMC6056667.<\/td>\n<td>Supplements<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Sandhu JS, Shah B, Shenoy S, Chauhan S, Lavekar GS, Padhi MM. Effects of<br \/>\nWithania somnifera (Ashwagandha) and Terminalia arjuna (Arjuna) on physical<br \/>\nperformance and cardiorespiratory endurance in healthy young adults. Int J<br \/>\nAyurveda Res. 2010 Jul;1(3):144-9. doi: 10.4103\/0974-7788.72485. PMID: 21170205;<br \/>\nPMCID: PMC2996571.<\/td>\n<td>Supplements<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Mielgo-Ayuso J, Marques-Jim\u00e9nez D, Refoyo I, Del Coso J, Le\u00f3n-Guere\u00f1o P,<br \/>\nCalleja-Gonz\u00e1lez J. Effect of Caffeine Supplementation on Sports Performance<br \/>\nBased on Differences Between Sexes: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2019 Sep<br \/>\n30;11(10):2313. doi: 10.3390\/nu11102313. PMID: 31574901; PMCID: PMC6835847.<\/td>\n<td>Supplements<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Oura P, Auvinen J, Paananen M, Junno JA, Niinim\u00e4ki J, Karppinen J, Nurkkala<br \/>\nM. Dairy- and supplement-based calcium intake in adulthood and vertebral<br \/>\ndimensions in midlife-the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study. Osteoporos<br \/>\nInt. 2019 May;30(5):985-994. doi: 10.1007\/s00198-019-04843-9. Epub 2019 Jan 17.<br \/>\nPMID: 30656368; PMCID: PMC6502777.<\/td>\n<td>Supplements<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Cochran AJ, Myslik F, MacInnis MJ, Percival ME, Bishop D, Tarnopolsky MA,<br \/>\nGibala MJ. Manipulating Carbohydrate Availability Between Twice-Daily Sessions<br \/>\nof High-Intensity Interval Training Over 2 Weeks Improves Time-Trial<br \/>\nPerformance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2015 Oct;25(5):463-70. doi:<br \/>\n10.1123\/ijsnem.2014-0263. Epub 2015 Mar 26. PMID: 25811132.<\/td>\n<td>Supplements<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Mu\u00f1oz A, L\u00f3pez-Samanes \u00c1, Dom\u00ednguez R, Moreno-P\u00e9rez V, Jes\u00fas S\u00e1nchez-Oliver<br \/>\nA, Del Coso J. Use of Sports Supplements in Competitive Handball Players: Sex<br \/>\nand Competitive Level Differences. Nutrients. 2020 Oct 31;12(11):3357. doi:<br \/>\n10.3390\/nu12113357. PMID: 33142672; PMCID: PMC7692995.<\/td>\n<td>Supplements<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Antonio J, Candow DG, Forbes SC, Gualano B, Jagim AR, Kreider RB, Rawson ES,<br \/>\nSmith-Ryan AE, VanDusseldorp TA, Willoughby DS, Ziegenfuss TN. Common questions<br \/>\nand misconceptions about creatine supplementation: what does the scientific<br \/>\nevidence really show? J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2021 Feb 8;18(1):13. doi:<br \/>\n10.1186\/s12970-021-00412-w. PMID: 33557850; PMCID: PMC7871530.<\/td>\n<td>Supplements<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Smarkusz-Zarzecka J, Ostrowska L, Leszczy\u0144ska J, Orywal K, Cwalina U,<br \/>\nPogodzi\u0144ski D. Analysis of the Impact of a Multi-Strain Probiotic on Body<br \/>\nComposition and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Long-Distance Runners. Nutrients.<br \/>\n2020 Dec 7;12(12):3758. doi: 10.3390\/nu12123758. PMID: 33297458; PMCID:<br \/>\nPMC7762398.<\/td>\n<td>Supplements<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Gil-Cosano JJ, Gracia-Marco L, Ubago-Guisado E, Migueles JH, Mora-Gonzalez J,<br \/>\nEscolano-Margarit MV, G\u00f3mez-Vida J, Maldonado J, Ortega FB. Muscular Fitness<br \/>\nMediates the Association between 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Areal Bone Mineral<br \/>\nDensity in Children with Overweight\/Obesity. Nutrients. 2019 Nov 14;11(11):2760.<br \/>\ndoi: 10.3390\/nu11112760. PMID: 31739435; PMCID: PMC6893626.<\/td>\n<td>Supplements<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">McCrory JL, Salacinski AJ, Hunt Sellhorst SE, Greenspan SL. Competitive<br \/>\nathletic participation, thigh muscle strength, and bone density in elite senior<br \/>\nathletes and controls. J Strength Cond Res. 2013 Nov;27(11):3132-41. doi:<br \/>\n10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31828bf29d. PMID: 23442279; PMCID: PMC4878681.<\/td>\n<td>Supplements<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Pedlar CR, Brugnara C, Bruinvels G, Burden R. Iron balance and iron supplementation for the female athlete: A practical approach. Eur J Sport Sci. 2018 Mar;18(2):295-305. doi: 10.1080\/17461391.2017.1416178. Epub 2017 Dec 27. PMID: 29280410.<\/td>\n<td>Menstrual cycle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Steinbaugh M. Nutritional needs of female athletes. Clin Sports Med. 1984 Jul;3(3):649-70. PMID: 6571237.<\/td>\n<td>Menstrual cycle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Moore DR, Sygo J, Morton JP. Fuelling the female athlete: Carbohydrate and<br \/>\nprotein recommendations. Eur J Sport Sci. 2021 May 20:1-13. doi:<br \/>\n10.1080\/17461391.2021.1922508. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34015236.<\/td>\n<td>Menstrual cycle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Wooding DJ, Packer JE, Kato H, West DWD, Courtney-Martin G, Pencharz PB,<br \/>\nMoore DR. Increased Protein Requirements in Female Athletes after Variable-<br \/>\nIntensity Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017 Nov;49(11):2297-2304. doi:<br \/>\n10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001366. PMID: 28692631.<\/td>\n<td>Menstrual cycle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Wohlgemuth KJ, Arieta LR, Brewer GJ, Hoselton AL, Gould LM, Smith-Ryan AE.<br \/>\nSex differences and considerations for female specific nutritional strategies: a<br \/>\nnarrative review. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2021 Apr 1;18(1):27. doi:<br \/>\n10.1186\/s12970-021-00422-8. PMID: 33794937; PMCID: PMC8015182.<\/td>\n<td>Menstrual cycle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Hansen M, Oxfeldt M, Larsen AE, Thomsen LS, Rokkedal-Lausch T, Christensen B,<br \/>\nRittig N, De Paoli FV, Bangsbo J, \u00d8rtenblad N, Madsen K. Supplement with whey<br \/>\nprotein hydrolysate in contrast to carbohydrate supports mitochondrial<br \/>\nadaptations in trained runners. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2020 Sep 7;17(1):46. doi:<br \/>\n10.1186\/s12970-020-00376-3. PMID: 32894140; PMCID: PMC7487963.<\/td>\n<td>Protein<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Marini ACB, Motobu RD, Freitas ATV, Laviano A, Pichard C, Pimentel GD. Total<br \/>\nprotein or leucine intakes are not associated with handgrip strength in<br \/>\nhemodialysis patients: A pilot study. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2019 Oct;33:290-293. doi:<br \/>\n10.1016\/j.clnesp.2019.05.017. Epub 2019 Jun 27. PMID: 31451270.<\/td>\n<td>Protein<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Theocharidis A, McKinlay BJ, Vlachopoulos D, Josse AR, Falk B, Klentrou P.<br \/>\nEffects of post exercise protein supplementation on markers of bone turnover in<br \/>\nadolescent swimmers. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2020 Apr 15;17(1):20. doi:<br \/>\n10.1186\/s12970-020-00350-z. PMID: 32293471; PMCID: PMC7158004.<\/td>\n<td>Protein<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">McKinlay BJ, Theocharidis A, Adebero T, Kurgan N, Fajardo VA, Roy BD, Josse<br \/>\nAR, M Logan-Sprenger H, Falk B, Klentrou P. Effects of Post-Exercise Whey<br \/>\nProtein Consumption on Recovery Indices in Adolescent Swimmers. Int J Environ<br \/>\nRes Public Health. 2020 Oct 23;17(21):7761. doi: 10.3390\/ijerph17217761. PMID:<br \/>\n33114186; PMCID: PMC7660601.<\/td>\n<td>Protein<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Gracia-Marco L, Bel-Serrat S, Cuenca-Garcia M, Gonzalez-Gross M, Pedrero-<br \/>\nChamizo R, Manios Y, Marcos A, Molnar D, Widhalm K, Polito A, Vanhelst J,<br \/>\nHagstr\u00f6mer M, Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m M, Kafatos A, de Henauw S, Gutierrez \u00c1, Castillo MJ,<br \/>\nMoreno LA; HELENA Study Group. Amino acids intake and physical fitness among<br \/>\nadolescents. Amino Acids. 2017 Jun;49(6):1041-1052. doi:<br \/>\n10.1007\/s00726-017-2393-6. Epub 2017 Mar 17. PMID: 28314994; PMCID: PMC5437182.<\/td>\n<td>Protein<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Scalzo RL, Peltonen GL, Binns SE, Shankaran M, Giordano GR, Hartley DA,<br \/>\nKlochak AL, Lonac MC, Paris HL, Szallar SE, Wood LM, Peelor FF 3rd, Holmes WE,<br \/>\nHellerstein MK, Bell C, Hamilton KL, Miller BF. Greater muscle protein synthesis<br \/>\nand mitochondrial biogenesis in males compared with females during sprint<br \/>\ninterval training. FASEB J. 2014 Jun;28(6):2705-14. doi: 10.1096\/fj.13-246595.<br \/>\nEpub 2014 Mar 5. PMID: 24599968.<\/td>\n<td>Protein<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Cotunga N, Vickery CE, McBee S. Sports nutrition for young athletes. J Sch Nurs. 2005 Dec;21(6):323-8. doi: 10.1177\/10598405050210060401. PMID: 16419340.<\/td>\n<td>Education<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Nogueira JA, Da Costa TH. Nutritional status of endurance athletes: what is the available information? Arch Latinoam Nutr. 2005 Mar;55(1):15-22. PMID: 16187673.<\/td>\n<td>Education<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Wohlgemuth KJ, Arieta LR, Brewer GJ, Hoselton AL, Gould LM, Smith-Ryan AE. Sex differences and considerations for female specific nutritional strategies: a narrative review. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2021 Apr 1;18(1):27. Doi: 10.1186\/s12970-021-00422-8. PMID: 33794937; PMCID: PMC8015182.<\/td>\n<td>Education<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Lindeman AK. Self-esteem: its application to eating disorders and athletes.<br \/>\nInt J Sport Nutr. 1994 Sep;4(3):237-52. doi: 10.1123\/ijsn.4.3.237. PMID:<br \/>\n7987359.<\/td>\n<td>Education<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Massad SJ, Shier NW, Koceja DM, Ellis NT. High school athletes and<br \/>\nnutritional supplements: a study of knowledge and use. Int J Sport Nutr. 1995<br \/>\nSep;5(3):232-45. doi: 10.1123\/ijsn.5.3.232. PMID: 8547941.<\/td>\n<td>Education<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Racey M, Bransfield J, Capello K, Field D, Kulak V, Machmueller D, Preyde M, Newton G. Barriers and Facilitators to Intake of Dairy Products in Adolescent Males and Females With Different Levels of Habitual Intake. Glob Pediatr Health. 2017 Mar 21;4:2333794X17694227. doi: 10.1177\/2333794X17694227. PMID: 28540345; PMCID: PMC5433667.<\/td>\n<td>Sex differences<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Sousa M, Fernandes MJ, Moreira P, Teixeira VH. Nutritional supplements usage by Portuguese athletes. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2013;83(1):48-58. Doi: 10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000144. PMID: 24220164.<\/td>\n<td>Sex differences<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">S\u00e1nchez-Oliver AJ, Dom\u00ednguez R, L\u00f3pez-Tapia P, Tobal FM, Jodra P, Montoya JJ,<br \/>\nGuerra-Hern\u00e1ndez EJ, Ramos-\u00c1lvarez JJ. A Survey on Dietary Supplement<br \/>\nConsumption in Amateur and Professional Rugby Players. Foods. 2020 Dec<br \/>\n22;10(1):7. doi: 10.3390\/foods10010007. PMID: 33375061; PMCID: PMC7822035.<\/td>\n<td>Sex differences<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Raben A, Kiens B, Richter EA, Rasmussen LB, Svenstrup B, Micic S, Bennett P.<br \/>\nSerum sex hormones and endurance performance after a lacto-ovo vegetarian and a<br \/>\nmixed diet. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992 Nov;24(11):1290-7. PMID: 1435181.<\/td>\n<td>Diets<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Flynn S, Rosales A, Hailes W, Ruby B. Males and females exhibit similar<br \/>\nmuscle glycogen recovery with varied recovery food sources. Eur J Appl Physiol.<br \/>\n2020 May;120(5):1131-1142. doi: 10.1007\/s00421-020-04352-2. Epub 2020 Mar 25.<br \/>\nPMID: 32215726; PMCID: PMC7181447.<\/td>\n<td>Diets<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Aucouturier J, Baker JS, Duch\u00e9 P. Fat and carbohydrate metabolism during<br \/>\nsubmaximal exercise in children. Sports Med. 2008;38(3):213-38. doi:<br \/>\n10.2165\/00007256-200838030-00003. PMID: 18278983.<\/td>\n<td>CHO availability<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Endurance Exercise in Humans: A Meta-Analysis. Sports Med. 2018<br \/>\nSep;48(9):2091-2102. doi: 10.1007\/s40279-018-0941-1. PMID: 29923148.<\/td>\n<td>CHO availability<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p><em>Menstrual Cycle <\/em><\/p>\n<p> \u201cmaintaining a positive iron balance is essential for female athletes to avoid the effects of iron deficiency and anemia and to maintain or improve performance\u2026 Menstruating females, particularly those with heavy menstrual bleeding are at an elevated risk of iron deficiency.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Additionally, \u201ca more detailed and longitudinal examination of hematology, menstrual cycle pattern, biochemistry, exercise physiology, environmental factors and training load can offer a superior characterisation of iron status and help to direct appropriate interventions that will avoid iron deficiency or iron overload.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe female athlete should be encouraged to give special attention to two nutrients, water and iron. Any female athlete participating in physical activity causing significant sweat loss should understand the importance of fluid balance and how to properly rehydrate during and following exercise.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><em>Education<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe nutrients required for physically active women are the same as for women in the general population and for men\u2026 In general, female athletes will need more energy, water, sodium, potassium, and certain vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin) than nonathletic females.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201clack of nutrition knowledge has been observed at the high school level and may be attributed to the sources to which athletes look for nutrition guidance.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cunderstanding the content of nutrition is important for student athletes to improve their overall nutrition and athletic performance: \u201cknowledge of protein needs, vitamin and mineral needs, and fluid needs has been shown to be lacking among athletes.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIf nurses are knowledgeable about sports nutrition and have a support network for nutrition information, they can help young athletes understand their sports nutrition needs.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cstudies give an inappropriate evaluation of the prevalence of adequacy\/inadequacy of micronutrient intake among endurance athletes.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cthere is a need for a comprehensive and well-conducted nutrition assessment planning to fulfill the existing gap in reliable information about micronutrient adequacy of endurance athletes.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>\u201cthis review provides a practical overview of key physiological and nutritional considerations for the active female.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cthe majority of dietary supplements have been evaluated primarily in men; based on physiological theory and sex-physiology, the following sections introduce potential dietary supplements that may be efficacious for women.\u201d<\/p>\n<p> \u201cIt has been shown that females require more lysine during the luteal phase than the follicular phase.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><em>Sex differences<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u201csome gender differences were noted such as sports being a predominant facilitator in choosing to consume dairy in males only and eating out as a facilitator or barrier to dairy product consumption depending on gender.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201csignificant differences for the type of  nutritional supplements NS consumed between gender and age groups and the number of weekly training hours.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cathletes sought advice on supplementation mainly from physicians (56 %) and coaches (46 %). Age and gender were found to influence reasons for use and the source of information.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- ___________________Table 4___________________ --><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span class=\"boldBlue\" style=\"color: #00004f;\">Table 4: Endocrine<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"table-wrapper\">\n<table class=\"fl-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 75%;\">Study<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 25%;\">Subtheme<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Auyeung TW, Lee JS, Kwok T, Leung J, Ohlsson C, Vandenput L, Leung PC, Woo J. Testosterone but not estradiol level is positively related to muscle strength and physical performance independent of muscle mass: a cross-sectional study in 1489 older men. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011 May;164(5):811-7. doi: 10.1530\/EJE-10-0952. Epub 2011 Feb 23. PMID: 21346095.<\/td>\n<td>Male<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Stijak L, Kadija M, Djuleji\u0107 V, Aksi\u0107 M, Petronijevi\u0107 N, Aleksi\u0107 D, Radonji\u0107<br \/>\nV, Bumba\u0161irevi\u0107 M, Filipovi\u0107 B. The influence of sex hormones on anterior<br \/>\ncruciate ligament ruptures in males. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015<br \/>\nDec;23(12):3578-84. doi: 10.1007\/s00167-014-3247-3. Epub 2014 Aug 27. PMID:<br \/>\n25160472.<\/td>\n<td>Male<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Johansson AG, Forslund A, Hambraeus L, Blum WF, Ljunghall S. Growth hormone-<br \/>\ndependent insulin-like growth factor binding protein is a major determinant of<br \/>\nbone mineral density in healthy men. J Bone Miner Res. 1994 Jun;9(6):915-21.<br \/>\ndoi: 10.1002\/jbmr.5650090617. PMID: 7521562.<\/td>\n<td>Male<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Orwoll E, Lambert LC, Marshall LM, Blank J, Barrett-Connor E, Cauley J,<br \/>\nEnsrud K, Cummings SR; Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study Group. Endogenous<br \/>\ntestosterone levels, physical performance, and fall risk in older men. Arch<br \/>\nIntern Med. 2006 Oct 23;166(19):2124-31. doi: 10.1001\/archinte.166.19.2124.<br \/>\nPMID: 17060543.<\/td>\n<td>Male<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Eliakim A, Nemet D. [Exercise and the male reproductive system]. Harefuah.<br \/>\n2006 Sep;145(9):677-81, 702, 701. Hebrew. PMID: 17078431.<\/td>\n<td>Male<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Brill KT, Weltman AL, Gentili A, Patrie JT, Fryburg DA, Hanks JB, Urban RJ,<br \/>\nVeldhuis JD. Single and combined effects of growth hormone and testosterone<br \/>\nadministration on measures of body composition, physical performance, mood,<br \/>\nsexual function, bone turnover, and muscle gene expression in healthy older men.<br \/>\nJ Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Dec;87(12):5649-57. doi: 10.1210\/jc.2002-020098.<br \/>\nPMID: 12466367.<\/td>\n<td>Male<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Crewther B, Cook C, Kilduff L, Manning J. Digit ratio (2D:4D) and salivary<br \/>\ntestosterone, oestradiol and cortisol levels under challenge: Evidence for<br \/>\nprenatal effects on adult endocrine responses. Early Hum Dev. 2015<br \/>\nAug;91(8):451-6. doi: 10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2015.04.011. Epub 2015 May 26. PMID:<br \/>\n26025335.<\/td>\n<td>Male<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Mazzarino M, Bragan\u00f2 MC, de la Torre X, Molaioni F, Botr\u00e8 F. Relevance of<br \/>\nthe selective oestrogen receptor modulators tamoxifen, toremifene and clomiphene<br \/>\nin doping field: endogenous steroids urinary profile after multiple oral doses.<br \/>\nSteroids. 2011 Nov;76(12):1400-6. doi: 10.1016\/j.steroids.2011.06.005. Epub 2011<br \/>\nJun 30. PMID: 21745489.<\/td>\n<td>Male<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Kraemer WJ, Koziris LP, Ratamess NA, Hakkinen K, TRIPLETT-McBRIDE NT, Fry<br \/>\nAC, Gordon SE, Volek JS, French DN, Rubin MR, Gomez AL, Sharman MJ, Michael<br \/>\nLynch J, Izquierdo M, Newton RU, Fleck SJ. Detraining produces minimal changes<br \/>\nin physical performance and hormonal variables in recreationally strength-<br \/>\ntrained men. J Strength Cond Res. 2002 Aug;16(3):373-82. PMID: 12173951<\/td>\n<td>Male<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Shultz SJ, Kirk SE, Johnson ML, Sander TC, Perrin DH. Relationship between sex hormones and anterior knee laxity across the menstrual cycle. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004 Jul;36(7):1165-74. doi: 10.1249\/01.mss.0000132270.43579.1a. PMID: 15235320; PMCID: PMC1993893.<\/td>\n<td>Female<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Riesco E, Aubertin-Leheudre M, Maltais ML, Audet M, Dionne IJ. Synergic<br \/>\neffect of phytoestrogens and exercise training on cardiovascular risk profile in<br \/>\nexercise-responder postmenopausal women: a pilot study. Menopause. 2010 Sep-<br \/>\nOct;17(5):1035-9. doi: 10.1097\/gme.0b013e3181da7915. PMID: 20539245.<\/td>\n<td>Female<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Hewett TE. Neuromuscular and hormonal factors associated with knee injuries<br \/>\nin female athletes. Strategies for intervention. Sports Med. 2000<br \/>\nMay;29(5):313-27. doi: 10.2165\/00007256-200029050-00003. PMID: 10840866.<\/td>\n<td>Female<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Isacco L, Duch\u00e9 P, Boisseau N. Influence of hormonal status on substrate<br \/>\nutilization at rest and during exercise in the female population. Sports Med.<br \/>\n2012 Apr 1;42(4):327-42. doi: 10.2165\/11598900-000000000-00000. PMID: 22380007.<\/td>\n<td>Female<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Tsai L, Pousette A, Johansson C, Carlstr\u00f6m K. Effect of cortisol on the<br \/>\nsecretion of testosterone and estradiol-17 beta by human granulosa-luteal cell<br \/>\ncultures. A model system for analyzing hormonal alterations in female athletes.<br \/>\nActa Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1992 Oct;71(7):502-5. doi: 10.3109\/00016349209041440.<br \/>\nPMID: 1332368.<\/td>\n<td>Female<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Hansen M, Miller BF, Holm L, Doessing S, Petersen SG, Skovgaard D, Frystyk<br \/>\nJ, Flyvbjerg A, Koskinen S, Pingel J, Kjaer M, Langberg H. Effect of<br \/>\nadministration of oral contraceptives in vivo on collagen synthesis in tendon<br \/>\nand muscle connective tissue in young women. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2009<br \/>\nApr;106(4):1435-43. doi: 10.1152\/japplphysiol.90933.2008. Epub 2008 Oct 9. PMID:<br \/>\n18845777.<\/td>\n<td>Female<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Bullen BA, Skrinar GS, Beitins IZ, Carr DB, Reppert SM, Dotson CO, Fencl MD,<br \/>\nGervino EV, McArthur JW. Endurance training effects on plasma hormonal<br \/>\nresponsiveness and sex hormone excretion. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc<br \/>\nPhysiol. 1984 Jun;56(6):1453-63. doi: 10.1152\/jappl.1984.56.6.1453. PMID:<br \/>\n6735803.<\/td>\n<td>Female<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Vescovi JD, VanHeest JL. Case Study: Impact of Inter- and Intra-Day Energy<br \/>\nParameters on Bone Health, Menstrual Function, and Hormones in an Elite Junior<br \/>\nFemale Triathlete. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2016 Aug;26(4):363-9. doi:<br \/>\n10.1123\/ijsnem.2015-0282. Epub 2015 Dec 16. PMID: 26696652.<\/td>\n<td>Female<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Mestre-Alfaro A, Ferrer MD, Sureda A, Tauler P, Mart\u00ednez E, Bibiloni MM,<br \/>\nMicol V, Tur JA, Pons A. Phytoestrogens enhance antioxidant enzymes after<br \/>\nswimming exercise and modulate sex hormone plasma levels in female swimmers. Eur<br \/>\nJ Appl Physiol. 2011 Sep;111(9):2281-94. doi: 10.1007\/s00421-011-1862-y. Epub<br \/>\n2011 Feb 18. PMID: 21331628.<\/td>\n<td>Female<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Koundourakis NE, Margioris AN. The complex and bidirectional interaction<br \/>\nbetween sex hormones and exercise performance in team sports with emphasis on<br \/>\nsoccer. Hormones (Athens). 2019 Jun;18(2):151-172. doi:<br \/>\n10.1007\/s42000-019-00115-7. Epub 2019 Jun 29. PMID: 31256350.<\/td>\n<td>Both<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Anawalt BD. Diagnosis and Management of Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Use. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Jul 1;104(7):2490-2500. doi: 10.1210\/jc.2018-01882. PMID: 30753550; PMCID: PMC6517163.<\/td>\n<td>Both<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Clark RV, Wald JA, Swerdloff RS, Wang C, Wu FCW, Bowers LD, Matsumoto AM. Large divergence in testosterone concentrations between men and women: Frame of reference for elite athletes in sex-specific competition in sports, a narrative review. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2019 Jan;90(1):15-22. doi: 10.1111\/cen.13840. Epub 2018 Sep 27. Erratum in: Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2019 Sep;91(3):471-473. PMID: 30136295.<\/td>\n<td>Both<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Handelsman DJ. Clinical review: The rationale for banning human chorionic gonadotropin and estrogen blockers in sport. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006<\/td>\n<td>Both<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Hartgens F, Kuipers H. Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes. Sports Med. 2004;34(8):513-54. doi: 10.2165\/00007256-200434080-00003. PMID: 15248788.<\/td>\n<td>Both<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Handelsman DJ, Hirschberg AL, Bermon S. Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance. Endocr Rev. 2018 Oct 1;39(5):803-829. doi: 10.1210\/er.2018-00020. PMID: 30010735; PMCID: PMC6391653.<\/td>\n<td>Both**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Liu J, Qiu X, Wang D, Li Y, Zong Y, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Yang P, Zuo Y, Yang H,<br \/>\nWang J, Du Y, Zi J. Quantification of 10 steroid hormones in human saliva from<br \/>\nChinese adult volunteers. J Int Med Res. 2018 Apr;46(4):1414-1427. doi:<br \/>\n10.1177\/0300060517752733. Epub 2018 Feb 22. PMID: 29468906; PMCID: PMC6091835.<\/td>\n<td>Both<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">S\u00f6\u00f6t T, J\u00fcrim\u00e4e T, J\u00fcrim\u00e4e J. Relationships between bone mineral density,<br \/>\ninsulin-like growth factor-1 and sex hormones in young females with different<br \/>\nphysical activity. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2006 Jun;46(2):293-7. PMID:<br \/>\n16823361.<\/td>\n<td>Both<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">S\u00f6\u00f6t T, J\u00fcrim\u00e4e T, J\u00fcrim\u00e4e J. Relationships between bone mineral density,<br \/>\ninsulin-like growth factor-1 and sex hormones in young females with different<br \/>\nphysical activity. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2006 Jun;46(2):293-7. PMID:<br \/>\n16823361.<\/td>\n<td>Both<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Healy SD, Braham SR, Braithwaite VA. Spatial working memory in rats: no<br \/>\ndifferences between the sexes. Proc Biol Sci. 1999 Nov 22;266(1435):2303-8. doi:<br \/>\n10.1098\/rspb.1999.0923. PMID: 10629980; PMCID: PMC1690445.<\/td>\n<td>Animal<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Celec P, Behuliak M. Behavioural and endocrine effects of chronic cola<br \/>\nintake. J Psychopharmacol. 2010 Oct;24(10):1569-72. doi:<br \/>\n10.1177\/0269881109105401. Epub 2009 May 7. PMID: 19423611.<\/td>\n<td>Animal<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p><em>Male hormones<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u201cwe observed a positive correlation between endogenous testosterone level and stronger muscle strength and better physical performance.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cAppendicular skeletal mass (ASM) was positively associated with total testosterone (TT; P<0.001), free testosterone (FT; P<0.001), and total E2 (P<0.001) but not with free E2 (P=0.102). After adjustment for age, serum SHBG and relative ASM, both TT and FT were significantly associated with grip strength, narrow-walk speed and the composite neuromuscular score. Higher total E2, but not free E2 was associated with lower grip strength (P<0.05) after adjustment for age, FT, SHBG and relative ASM\u2026 Testosterone level was related to both muscle mass, strength and physical performance. Total E2 level, though related to muscle mass positively, affected muscle strength adversely in older men.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><em>Female hormones<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u201cestradiol, progesterone, and testosterone each contribute to changes in knee laxity across the cycle, and that this relationship is stronger when changes in hormone concentrations are compared with changes in knee laxity occurring approximately 3\u20134 d later. However, the variable time shifts between subjects and the substantially greater variance explained by the regression model for each individual subject compared with the group analysis suggests this relationship is quite variable between subjects.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><em>Both female and male hormones <\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe results from published studies reviewed show clearly that the range for testosterone levels in healthy males is distinct from that for healthy females\u2026 The weighted average lower limit of testosterone level in healthy males is 8.8 nmol\/L (254 ng\/dL), roughly four- to fivefold higher than the average upper limit of the testosterone level in healthy females, 2.0 nmol\/L (58 ng\/dL).\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIndividuals with 46XY DSD, specifically those with 5-alpha reductase deficiency, type 2 and androgen insensitivity syndrome testosterone levels that were within normal male range. Females with PCOS or congenital adrenal hyperplasia were above the normal female range but still below the normal male range.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIn men, there is unequivocal evidence that hCG and estrogen blockers cause consistent and sustained rise in blood testosterone concentrations. In women, although there has been no direct testing of ergogenic or myotrophic properties of exogenous testosterone in healthy women, either hCG or estrogen blockers do not produce any consistent or biologically significant increase in blood testosterone concentrations.\u201d<\/p>\n<p> \u201cthere is no convincing evidence that either hCG or estrogen blockers (antiestrogens, SERMs, aromatase inhibitors) cause any consistent or biologically significant increase blood testosterone concentrations in women. In the absence of direct testing of ergogenic or myotrophic properties, blood testosterone is a reasonable surrogate maker, suggesting that drug-induced performance enhancement is most unlikely.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cAAS in supratherapeutic doses may increase muscular strength and lean body mass in athletes, whereas endurance performance and fat mass appear to be unaffected. Because of the widespread use of large doses of AAS, the adverse effects are of great concern.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cbased on the non overlapping, bimodal distribution of circulating testosterone concentration (measured by liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry)\u2014and making an allowance for women with mild hyperandrogenism, notably women with polycystic ovary syndrome (who are overrepresented in elite athletics)\u2014the appropriate eligibility criterion for female athletic events should be a circulating testosterone of <5.0 nmol\/L. This would include all women other than those with untreated hyperandrogenic disorders of sexual development and noncompliant male-to-female transgender as well as testosterone-treated female-to-male transgender or androgen dopers.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThere is strong evidence that AAS causes reversible suppression of endogenous sex steroid hormone production, marked decreases in serum HDL cholesterol, and decreased fertility in men and women. In addition, AASs are known to increase erythropoiesis and may induce erythrocytosis. There is emerging evidence of an AAS withdrawal syndrome, and there is weak, inferential evidence for an association with adverse cardiovascular effects.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cthe most important gaps relate to the long-term outcomes on health and the safest and most effective treatments of AAS withdrawal syndrome and AAS-induced infertility.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cmen who use AASs <1 year typically recover normal hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis function within 1 year after cessation. Men who have infertility due to high-dosage AAS use \u22651 year might benefit from short-term treatment with clomiphene or human chorionic gonadotropin.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>**Also in transgender <\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- ___________________Table 5___________________ --><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span class=\"boldBlue\" style=\"color: #00004f;\">Table 5: Menstrual Cycle<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"table-wrapper\">\n<table class=\"fl-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 75%;\">Study<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 25%;\">Subtheme<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Frid\u00e9n C, Hirschberg AL, Saartok T. Muscle strength and endurance do not significantly vary across 3 phases of the menstrual cycle in moderately active premenopausal women. Clin J Sport Med. 2003 Jul;13(4):238-41. doi: 10.1097\/00042752-200307000-00007. PMID: 12855926.<\/td>\n<td>MC phases<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Blagrove RC, Bruinvels G, Pedlar CR. Variations in strength-related measures during the menstrual cycle in eumenorrheic women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport. 2020 Dec;23(12):1220-1227. doi: 10.1016\/j.jsams.2020.04.022. Epub 2020 May 17. PMID: 32456980.<\/td>\n<td>MC phases<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Friedl KE. Biomedical research on health and performance of military women: accomplishments of the Defense Women&#8217;s Health Research Program (DWHRP). J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2005 Nov;14(9):764-802. doi: 10.1089\/jwh.2005.14.764. PMID: 16313206.<\/td>\n<td>MC phases<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Wright A, Marino FE, Kay D, Micalos P, Fanning C, Cannon J, Noakes TD. Influence of lean body mass on performance differences of male and female distance runners in warm, humid environments. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2002 Jul;118(3):285-91. doi: 10.1002\/ajpa.10057. PMID: 12115284.<\/td>\n<td>MC phases<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Lebrun CM, Rumball JS. Relationship between athletic performance and menstrual cycle. Curr Womens Health Rep. 2001 Dec;1(3):232-40. PMID: 12112975.<\/td>\n<td>MC phases<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Constantini NW, Dubnov G, Lebrun CM. The menstrual cycle and sport performance. Clin Sports Med. 2005 Apr;24(2):e51-82, xiii-xiv. doi: 10.1016\/j.csm.2005.01.003. PMID: 15892917.<\/td>\n<td>MC phases **<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Shultz SJ, Wideman L, Montgomery MM, Levine BJ. Some sex hormone profiles are consistent over time in normal menstruating women: implications for sports injury epidemiology. Br J Sports Med. 2011 Jul;45(9):735-42. doi: 10.1136\/bjsm.2009.064931. Epub 2009 Oct 23. PMID: 19854759; PMCID: PMC2937098.<\/td>\n<td>MC phases<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Knowles OE, Aisbett B, Main LC, Drinkwater EJ, Orellana L, Lamon S. Resistance Training and Skeletal Muscle Protein Metabolism in Eumenorrheic Females: Implications for Researchers and Practitioners. Sports Med. 2019 Nov;49(11):1637-1650. doi: 10.1007\/s40279-019-01132-7. PMID: 31190324.<\/td>\n<td>MC phases<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Casey E, Hameed F, Dhaher YY. The muscle stretch reflex throughout the menstrual cycle. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014 Mar;46(3):600-9. doi: 10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000134. PMID: 24091990; PMCID: PMC3944642.<\/td>\n<td>MC phases<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Julian R, Hecksteden A, Fullagar HH, Meyer T. The effects of menstrual cycle<br \/>\nphase on physical performance in female soccer players. PLoS One. 2017 Mar<br \/>\n13;12(3):e0173951. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0173951. PMID: 28288203; PMCID:<br \/>\nPMC5348024.<\/td>\n<td>MC phases<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Nose Y, Fujita K, Wada T, Nishimura K, Hakoda M. Effects of Menstrual Cycle<br \/>\nPhase on Fluid Regulation during Walking Exercise. J Sports Sci Med. 2020 Aug<br \/>\n13;19(3):556-563. PMID: 32874109; PMCID: PMC7429427.<\/td>\n<td>MC phases<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Helm MM, McGinnis GR, Basu A. Impact of Nutrition-Based Interventions on<br \/>\nAthletic Performance during Menstrual Cycle Phases: A Review. Int J Environ Res<br \/>\nPublic Health. 2021 Jun 10;18(12):6294. doi: 10.3390\/ijerph18126294. PMID:<br \/>\n34200767.<\/td>\n<td>MC phases<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">McNulty KL, Elliott-Sale KJ, Dolan E, Swinton PA, Ansdell P, Goodall S,<br \/>\nThomas K, Hicks KM. The Effects of Menstrual Cycle Phase on Exercise Performance<br \/>\nin Eumenorrheic Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med. 2020<br \/>\nOct;50(10):1813-1827. doi: 10.1007\/s40279-020-01319-3. PMID: 32661839; PMCID:<br \/>\nPMC7497427.<\/td>\n<td>MC phases<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Frid\u00e9n C, Hirschberg AL, Saartok T, Renstr\u00f6m P. Knee joint kinaesthesia and<br \/>\nneuromuscular coordination during three phases of the menstrual cycle in<br \/>\nmoderately active women. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2006<br \/>\nApr;14(4):383-9. doi: 10.1007\/s00167-005-0663-4. Epub 2005 Jun 8. PMID:<br \/>\n15942744.<\/td>\n<td>MC phases<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Casey E, Reese M, Okafor E, Chun D, Gagnon C, Nigl F, Dhaher YY. Influence of<br \/>\nMenstrual Cycle and Oral Contraceptive Phase on Spinal Excitability. PM R. 2016<br \/>\nSep;8(9):860-8. doi: 10.1016\/j.pmrj.2016.01.013. Epub 2016 Feb 10. PMID:<br \/>\n26872589; PMCID: PMC5278436.<\/td>\n<td>MC phases<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Rocha-Rodrigues S, Sousa M, Louren\u00e7o Reis P, Le\u00e3o C, Cardoso-Marinho B,<br \/>\nMassada M, Afonso J. Bidirectional Interactions between the Menstrual Cycle,<br \/>\nExercise Training, and Macronutrient Intake in Women: A Review. Nutrients. 2021<br \/>\nJan 29;13(2):438. doi: 10.3390\/nu13020438. PMID: 33572821; PMCID: PMC7910908.<\/td>\n<td>MC phases<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Ekenros L, Papoutsi Z, Frid\u00e9n C, Dahlman Wright K, Lind\u00e9n Hirschberg A.<br \/>\nExpression of sex steroid hormone receptors in human skeletal muscle during the<br \/>\nmenstrual cycle. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2017 Feb;219(2):486-493. doi:<br \/>\n10.1111\/apha.12757. Epub 2016 Aug 9. PMID: 27438889.<\/td>\n<td>MC phases<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Tenan MS, Hackney AC, Griffin L. Maximal force and tremor changes across the<br \/>\nmenstrual cycle. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016 Jan;116(1):153-60. doi:<br \/>\n10.1007\/s00421-015-3258-x. Epub 2015 Sep 13. PMID: 26365403.<\/td>\n<td>MC phases<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Rael B, Alfaro-Magallanes VM, Romero-Parra N, Castro EA, Cupeiro R, Janse de<br \/>\nJonge XAK, Wehrwein EA, Peinado AB. Menstrual Cycle Phases Influence on<br \/>\nCardiorespiratory Response to Exercise in Endurance-Trained Females. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jan 20;18(3):860. doi: 10.3390\/ijerph18030860.<br \/>\nPMID: 33498274; PMCID: PMC7908534.<\/td>\n<td>MC phases<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Reis E, Frick U, Schmidtbleicher D. Frequency variations of strength<br \/>\ntraining sessions triggered by the phases of the menstrual cycle. Int J Sports<br \/>\nMed. 1995 Nov;16(8):545-50. doi: 10.1055\/s-2007-973052. PMID: 8776210.<\/td>\n<td>MC phases<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Hertel J, Williams NI, Olmsted-Kramer LC, Leidy HJ, Putukian M. Neuromuscular<br \/>\nperformance and knee laxity do not change across the menstrual cycle in female<br \/>\nathletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2006 Sep;14(9):817-22. doi:<br \/>\n10.1007\/s00167-006-0047-4. Epub 2006 Feb 10. PMID: 16470385.<\/td>\n<td>MC phases<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Rael B, Romero-Parra N, Alfaro-Magallanes VM, Barba-Moreno L, Cupeiro R, Janse de Jonge X, Peinado AB; IronFEMME Study Group. Body Composition Over the Menstrual and Oral Contraceptive Cycle in Trained Females. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2021 Mar 1;16(3):375-381. doi: 10.1123\/ijspp.2020-0038. Epub 2020 Oct 1. PMID: 33004685.<\/td>\n<td>Oral contraceptives<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Redman LM, Weatherby RP. Measuring performance during the menstrual cycle: a model using oral contraceptives. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004 Jan;36(1):130-6. doi: 10.1249\/01.MSS.0000106181.52102.99. PMID: 14707778.<\/td>\n<td>Oral contraceptives<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Frankovich RJ, Lebrun CM. Menstrual cycle, contraception, and performance. Clin Sports Med. 2000 Apr;19(2):251-71. doi: 10.1016\/s0278-5919(05)70202-7. PMID: 10740758.<\/td>\n<td>Oral contraceptives<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Cheung SS, McLellan TM, Tenaglia S. The thermophysiology of uncompensable<br \/>\nheat stress. Physiological manipulations and individual characteristics. Sports<br \/>\nMed. 2000 May;29(5):329-59. doi: 10.2165\/00007256-200029050-00004. PMID:<br \/>\n10840867.<\/td>\n<td>Oral contraceptives<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Sims ST, Heather AK. Myths and Methodologies: Reducing scientific design<br \/>\nambiguity in studies comparing sexes and\/or menstrual cycle phases. Exp Physiol.<br \/>\n2018 Oct;103(10):1309-1317. doi: 10.1113\/EP086797. Epub 2018 Aug 15. PMID:<br \/>\n30051938.<\/td>\n<td>Oral contraceptives<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Knowles OE, Aisbett B, Main LC, Drinkwater EJ, Orellana L, Lamon S.<br \/>\nResistance Training and Skeletal Muscle Protein Metabolism in Eumenorrheic<br \/>\nFemales: Implications for Researchers and Practitioners. Sports Med. 2019<br \/>\nNov;49(11):1637-1650. doi: 10.1007\/s40279-019-01132-7. PMID: 31190324.<\/td>\n<td>Oral contraceptives<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Tomten SE, Falch JA, Birkeland KI, Hemmersbach P, H\u00f8stmark AT. Bone mineral<br \/>\ndensity and menstrual irregularities. A comparative study on cortical and<br \/>\ntrabecular bone structures in runners with alleged normal eating behavior. Int J<br \/>\nSports Med. 1998 Feb;19(2):92-7. doi: 10.1055\/s-2007-971888. PMID: 9562216.<\/td>\n<td>Menstrual disorders<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">De Cr\u00e9e C. Sex steroid metabolism and menstrual irregularities in the<br \/>\nexercising female. A review. Sports Med. 1998 Jun;25(6):369-406. doi:<br \/>\n10.2165\/00007256-199825060-00003. PMID: 9680659.<\/td>\n<td>Menstrual disorders<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p><em>MC Phases<\/em><\/p>\n<p> \u201cno significant variation in muscle strength or muscle endurance could be detected during different well-determined phases of the menstrual cycle.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cdifferences between phases within the menstrual cycle for measures of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), Isokinetic peak torque (IPT) and explosive strength are regarded as trivial to small.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201chormonal changes through the menstrual cycle were less important to acute health risks and performance than predicted, exercise did not increase risk for amenorrhea and consequent bone mineral loss, and women tolerated G-forces and could be as safe as men in the cockpit if their equipment was designed for normal size and strength ranges.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cdifferences in performance were observed between males and females but not between females in either part of their menstrual phase.\u201d<\/p>\n<p> \u201cinvestigations to date have not consistently demonstrated significant differences in aerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity, aerobic endurance, or muscle strength in any specific menstrual cycle phase.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cno conclusive evidence that significant menstrual cycle differences exist\u201d \u201cmuscular strength does not appear to fluctuate significantly during an ovulatory menstrual cycle.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cit is essential for each woman to monitor her own response and document the times at which she trains and performs her best.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cdaily mean hormone concentrations measured during different menstrual cycle phases varied by day, yet were generally stable from one month to the next among young, healthy and recreationally active women.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, this review emphasized that there is a need to investigate resistance training\u2019s role in maintaining \u201cskeletal muscle protein metabolism during pregnancy, menopause and in athletes experiencing relative energy deficiency in sport.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cmuscle stretch reflex (MSR) response varies throughout the menstrual cycle with the lowest response around the time of ovulation.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><em>Oral Contraceptives<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u201cno significant differences in the BC variables (body weight, body mass index, basal metabolism, fat mass, fat-free mass, and total body water) between the MC phases or between the OC phases.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201c alterations in anaerobic performance throughout the OC cycle occurred with improved performances corresponding to low estrogen and progesterone concentrations\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201ca low-dose OC administration consistently suppressed circulating endogenous sex steroid hormone concentrations in OC users to clinical deficiency levels, and that OC synthetically generated high or low hormone environments similar to the normal menstrual cycle to enable performance changes during the menstrual cycle to be studied, and therefore the only effects seen were from the administration of the OC hormones.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOCs may be able to minimize any potential side effects and performance influences by taking the lower dose triphasic pills and the newer progestins.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cmay be advantageous for female athletes who are negatively affected by their menstrual cycle, as they may provide a stable yet controllable hormonal milieu for training and competition.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>**Also in OC<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- ___________________Table 6___________________ --><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span class=\"boldBlue\" style=\"color: #00004f;\">Table 6: Fatigability <\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"table-wrapper\">\n<table class=\"fl-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 75%;\">Study<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 25%;\">Subtheme<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Sato H, Ohashi J. Sex differences in static muscular endurance. J Hum Ergol (Tokyo). 1989 Jun;18(1):53-60. PMID: 2625543.<\/td>\n<td>Female advantage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Clark BC, Manini TM, Th\u00e9 DJ, Doldo NA, Ploutz-Snyder LL. Gender differences in skeletal muscle fatigability are related to contraction type and EMG spectral compression. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2003 Jun;94(6):2263-72. doi: 10.1152\/japplphysiol.00926.2002. Epub 2003 Feb 7. PMID: 12576411.<\/td>\n<td>Female advantage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Labarbera KE, Murphy BG, Laroche DP, Cook SB. Sex differences in blood flow restricted isotonic knee extensions to fatigue. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2013 Aug;53(4):444-52. PMID: 23828293.<\/td>\n<td>Female advantage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Hunter SK, Butler JE, Todd G, Gandevia SC, Taylor JL. Supraspinal fatigue does not explain the sex difference in muscle fatigue of maximal contractions. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2006 Oct;101(4):1036-44. doi: 10.1152\/japplphysiol.00103.2006. Epub 2006 May 25. PMID: 16728525.<\/td>\n<td>Female advantage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Kankaanp\u00e4\u00e4 M, Laaksonen D, Taimela S, Kokko SM, Airaksinen O, H\u00e4nninen O.<br \/>\nAge, sex, and body mass index as determinants of back and hip extensor fatigue<br \/>\nin the isometric S\u00f8rensen back endurance test. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998<br \/>\nSep;79(9):1069-75. doi: 10.1016\/s0003-9993(98)90173-3. PMID: 9749686.<\/td>\n<td>Female advantage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Hunter SK, Enoka RM. Sex differences in the fatigability of arm muscles<br \/>\ndepends on absolute force during isometric contractions. J Appl Physiol (1985).<br \/>\n2001 Dec;91(6):2686-94. doi: 10.1152\/jappl.2001.91.6.2686. PMID: 11717235.<\/td>\n<td>Female advantage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Tiller NB, Elliott-Sale KJ, Knechtle B, Wilson PB, Roberts JD, Millet GY. Do<br \/>\nSex Differences in Physiology Confer a Female Advantage in Ultra-Endurance<br \/>\nSport? Sports Med. 2021 May;51(5):895-915. doi: 10.1007\/s40279-020-01417-2. Epub<br \/>\n2021 Jan 27. PMID: 33502701.<\/td>\n<td>Female advantage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Mannion AF, Dolan P. Electromyographic median frequency changes during<br \/>\nisometric contraction of the back extensors to fatigue. Spine (Phila Pa 1976).<br \/>\n1994 Jun 1;19(11):1223-9. doi: 10.1097\/00007632-199405310-00006. PMID: 8073313.<\/td>\n<td>Female advantage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Gonzales JU, Scheuermann BW. Gender differences in the fatigability of the<br \/>\ninspiratory muscles. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006 Mar;38(3):472-9. doi:<br \/>\n10.1249\/01.mss.0000189318.80061.fe. PMID: 16540834.<\/td>\n<td>Female advantage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Hunter SK. Performance Fatigability: Mechanisms and Task Specificity. Cold<br \/>\nSpring Harb Perspect Med. 2018 Jul 2;8(7):a029728. doi:<br \/>\n10.1101\/cshperspect.a029728. PMID: 28507192; PMCID: PMC6027928.<\/td>\n<td>Female advantage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Billaut F, Giacomoni M, Falgairette G. Maximal intermittent cycling exercise: effects of recovery duration and gender. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2003 Oct;95(4):1632-7. doi: 10.1152\/japplphysiol.00983.2002. Epub 2003 Jun 6. PMID: 12794037.<\/td>\n<td>Male advantage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Davies RW, Carson BP, Jakeman PM. Sex Differences in the Temporal Recovery of Neuromuscular Function Following Resistance Training in Resistance Trained Men and Women 18 to 35 Years. Front Physiol. 2018 Oct 23;9:1480. doi: 10.3389\/fphys.2018.01480. PMID: 30405436; PMCID: PMC6206044.<\/td>\n<td>Male advantage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Solianik R, Skurvydas A, Puk\u0117nas K, Brazaitis M. Comparison of the effects<br \/>\nof whole-body cooling during fatiguing exercise in males and females.<br \/>\nCryobiology. 2015 Aug;71(1):112-8. doi: 10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2015.04.012. Epub<br \/>\n2015 May 8. PMID: 25962329.<\/td>\n<td>Male advantage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Gabel HV, Debenham MIB, Power GA. The Effect of Shortening-induced Torque Depression on Fatigue-related Sex Differences. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2020 Apr;52(4):835-843. doi: 10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002202. PMID: 31688646.<\/td>\n<td>No advantage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Hatzikotoulas K, Siatras T, Spyropoulou E, Paraschos I, Patikas D. Muscle fatigue and electromyographic changes are not different in women and men matched for strength. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2004 Jul;92(3):298-304. doi: 10.1007\/s00421-004-1095-4. Epub 2004 Apr 9. PMID: 15083371.<\/td>\n<td>No advantage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Gonzales JU, Scheuermann BW. Absence of gender differences in the fatigability of the forearm muscles during intermittent isometric handgrip exercise. J Sports Sci Med. 2007 Mar 1;6(1):98-105. PMID: 24149231; PMCID: PMC3778706.<\/td>\n<td>No advantage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Hunter SK. Sex differences in fatigability of dynamic contractions. Exp Physiol. 2016 Feb;101(2):250-5. doi: 10.1113\/EP085370. Epub 2015 Nov 17. PMID: 26440505; PMCID: PMC5777316.<\/td>\n<td>No advantage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Senefeld JW, Harmer AR, Hunter SK. Greater Lower Limb Fatigability in People<br \/>\nwith Prediabetes than Controls. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2020 May;52(5):1176-1186.<br \/>\ndoi: 10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002238. PMID: 31815831.<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Senefeld J, Magill SB, Harkins A, Harmer AR, Hunter SK. Mechanisms for the<br \/>\nincreased fatigability of the lower limb in people with type 2 diabetes. J Appl<br \/>\nPhysiol (1985). 2018 Aug 1;125(2):553-566. doi: 10.1152\/japplphysiol.00160.2018.<br \/>\nEpub 2018 Mar 29. PMID: 29596017.<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">S\u00fc\u00fcden E, Ereline J, Gapeyeva H, P\u00e4\u00e4suke M. Low back muscle fatigue during<br \/>\nS\u00f8rensen endurance test in patients with chronic low back pain: relationship<br \/>\nbetween electromyographic spectral compression and anthropometric<br \/>\ncharacteristics. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 2008 Apr-May;48(3-4):185-92.<br \/>\nPMID: 18551839.<\/td>\n<td>Medicine<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Hydren JR, Borges AS, Sharp MA. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of<br \/>\nPredictors of Military Task Performance: Maximal Lift Capacity. J Strength Cond<br \/>\nRes. 2017 Apr;31(4):1142-1164. doi: 10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001790. PMID:<br \/>\n28135227.<\/td>\n<td>General mechanism<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Mannion AF, Dumas GA, Stevenson JM, Cooper RG. The influence of muscle fiber<br \/>\nsize and type distribution on electromyographic measures of back muscle<br \/>\nfatigability. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1998 Mar 1;23(5):576-84. doi:<br \/>\n10.1097\/00007632-199803010-00010. PMID: 9530789.<\/td>\n<td>General mechanism<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Hunter SK. Sex differences in fatigability of dynamic contractions. Exp<br \/>\nPhysiol. 2016 Feb;101(2):250-5. doi: 10.1113\/EP085370. Epub 2015 Nov 17. PMID:<br \/>\n26440505; PMCID: PMC5777316.<\/td>\n<td>General mechanism<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Petrella JK, Kim JS, Tuggle SC, Hall SR, Bamman MM. Age differences in knee<br \/>\nextension power, contractile velocity, and fatigability. J Appl Physiol (1985).<br \/>\n2005 Jan;98(1):211-20. doi: 10.1152\/japplphysiol.00294.2004. Epub 2004 Sep 3.<br \/>\nPMID: 15347625.<\/td>\n<td>Age<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p><em>Women advantage<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u201cwhen comparing the curves in terms of the relative force, the endurance time and pain appearance time were longer in women than in men, particularly at lower contraction levels.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cwomen exhibited a longer endurance time than men during the isometric task, but there was no difference in endurance performance during the isotonic exercise.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cunder two different conditions (blood flow restricted (BFR) and non-restricted free flow (FF)), women demonstrated greater endurance, as determined by the number of repetitions completed.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cmen were stronger than women for the elbow flexor muscles but exhibited greater muscle fatigue during sustained isometric maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs).\u201d<\/p>\n<p><em> Male advantage<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u201cmen and women have similar patterns of power output recovery between two consecutive short bouts, and that women have a lower overall performance and greater fatigability during sprints.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cperformed to a predefined level of volitional exhaustion, women had a more pronounced loss and prolonged recovery of neuromuscular function compared to their male counterparts.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><em>No advantage<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u201cdespite marked sex differences in fatigability during a purely intermittent and sustained ISO contraction fatigue task, the sex difference was eliminated during a ISO contraction steady state after an active shortening contraction (rTD).\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cin a population of men and women of similar muscle strength, there are no gender differences in torque output decline after a submaximal isometric plantar flexion contraction.\u201d Specifically, when men and women were matched for initial-sprint work experience similar levels of fatigue and systemic, cerebral, and peripheral adjustments during repeated-sprint exercise RSE performed in NM and HY.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cgender difference in the fatigability of the forearm muscles during intermittent submaximal handgrip contractions, independent of muscle strength.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201csex differences in muscle fatigue of repeated dynamic contractions is specific to the task requirements, including the velocity of shortening and the muscle group involved.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- ___________________Table 7___________________ --><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span class=\"boldBlue\" style=\"color: #00004f;\">Table 7: Medicine (not analyzed)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"table-wrapper\">\n<table class=\"fl-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 75%;\">Study<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 25%;\">Subtheme<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Borms J. The child and exercise: an overview. J Sports Sci. 1986<br \/>\nSpring;4(1):3-20. doi: 10.1080\/02640418608732093. PMID: 3525853.<\/td>\n<td>Health benefits<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Souza PM, Jacob-Filho W, Santar\u00e9m JM, Silva AR, Li HY, Burattini MN.<br \/>\nProgressive resistance training in elderly HIV-positive patients: does it work?<br \/>\nClinics (Sao Paulo). 2008 Oct;63(5):619-24. doi:<br \/>\n10.1590\/s1807-59322008000500009. PMID: 18925321; PMCID: PMC2664719.<\/td>\n<td>Health benefits<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Kalyani RR, Tra Y, Yeh HC, Egan JM, Ferrucci L, Brancati FL. Quadriceps<br \/>\nstrength, quadriceps power, and gait speed in older U.S. adults with diabetes<br \/>\nmellitus: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,<br \/>\n1999-2002. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013 May;61(5):769-75. doi: 10.1111\/jgs.12204. Epub<br \/>\n2013 Apr 25. PMID: 23617584; PMCID: PMC3725774.<\/td>\n<td>Health consequences<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Penninx BW, Pahor M, Cesari M, Corsi AM, Woodman RC, Bandinelli S, Guralnik<br \/>\nJM, Ferrucci L. Anemia is associated with disability and decreased physical<br \/>\nperformance and muscle strength in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004<br \/>\nMay;52(5):719-24. doi: 10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2004.52208.x. PMID: 15086651.<\/td>\n<td>Health consequences<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Brook EM, Tenforde AS, Broad EM, Matzkin EG, Yang HY, Collins JE, Blauwet CA.<br \/>\nLow energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and impaired bone health: A<br \/>\nsurvey of elite para athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2019 May;29(5):678-685.<br \/>\ndoi: 10.1111\/sms.13385. Epub 2019 Feb 6. PMID: 30644600.<\/td>\n<td>Health consequences<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Dunn A, Marsden DL, Van Vliet P, Spratt NJ, Callister R. Independently<br \/>\nambulant, community-dwelling stroke survivors have reduced cardiorespiratory<br \/>\nfitness, mobility and knee strength compared to an age- and gender-matched<br \/>\ncohort. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2017 Apr;24(3):163-169. doi:<br \/>\n10.1080\/10749357.2016.1236482. Epub 2016 Sep 27. PMID: 27670905.<\/td>\n<td>Health consequences<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Jones SE, Maddocks M, Kon SS, Canavan JL, Nolan CM, Clark AL, Polkey MI, Man<br \/>\nWD. Sarcopenia in COPD: prevalence, clinical correlates and response to<br \/>\npulmonary rehabilitation. Thorax. 2015 Mar;70(3):213-8. doi:<br \/>\n10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-206440. Epub 2015 Jan 5. PMID: 25561517.<\/td>\n<td>Health consequences<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Holz O, DeLuca DS, Roepcke S, Illig T, Weinberger KM, Schudt C, Hohlfeld JM.<br \/>\nSmokers with COPD Show a Shift in Energy and Nitrogen Metabolism at Rest and<br \/>\nDuring Exercise. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2020 Jan 6;15:1-13. doi:<br \/>\n10.2147\/COPD.S217474. PMID: 32021139; PMCID: PMC6956026.<\/td>\n<td>Health consequences<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Micheli LJ, Solomon R, Solomon J, Plasschaert VF, Mitchell R. Surgical<br \/>\ntreatment for chronic lower-leg compartment syndrome in young female athletes.<br \/>\nAm J Sports Med. 1999 Mar-Apr;27(2):197-201. doi: 10.1177\/03635465990270021401.<br \/>\nPMID: 10102101.<\/td>\n<td>Health consequences<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Mieczkowska J, Mosiewicz J, Rutkowska E, Jedrych M, Prystupa A, Lachowska-<br \/>\nKotowska P. Selected problems of medical qualification for physical fitness in<br \/>\npostmenopausal women. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2013 Jun;53(3):295-303. PMID:<br \/>\n23715255.<\/td>\n<td>Health consequences<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">G\u00fcng\u00f6r G, Karakurt Z, Adig\u00fczel N, Aydin RE, Balci MK, Salt\u00fcrk C, Sancar R,<br \/>\nSolmaz S, Mo\u00e7in \u00d6Y. The 6-minute walk test in chronic respiratory failure: does<br \/>\nobserved or predicted walk distance better reflect patient functional status?<br \/>\nRespir Care. 2013 May;58(5):850-7. doi: 10.4187\/respcare.02009. PMID: 23107072.<\/td>\n<td>Medical tools<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Hung BL, Sun CY, Chang NJ, Chang WD. Effects of Different Kinesio-Taping<br \/>\nApplications for Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness after High-Intensity Interval<br \/>\nTraining Exercise: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat<br \/>\nMed. 2021 Jun 21;2021:6676967. doi: 10.1155\/2021\/6676967. PMID: 34239590; PMCID:<br \/>\nPMC8241507.<\/td>\n<td>Medical tools<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Valentino NP, Gomes TLN, Barreto CS, Borges TC, Soares JDP, Pichard C,<br \/>\nLaviano A, Pimentel GD. Low phase angle is associated with the risk for<br \/>\nsarcopenia in unselected patients with cancer: Effects of hydration. Nutrition.<br \/>\n2021 Apr;84:111122. doi: 10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111122. Epub 2021 Jan 6. PMID:<br \/>\n33477000.<\/td>\n<td>Medical tools<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Martins PC, de Lima LRA, Silva AM, Petroski EL, Moreno YMF, Silva DAS. Phase<br \/>\nangle is associated with the physical fitness of HIV-infected children and<br \/>\nadolescents. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2019 Jul;29(7):1006-1012. doi:<br \/>\n10.1111\/sms.13419. Epub 2019 Apr 14. PMID: 30892730.<\/td>\n<td>Medical tools<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">AlShareef S, Gokarakonda SB, Marwaha R. Anabolic Steroid Use Disorder. 2020<br \/>\nDec 23. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing;<br \/>\n2021 Jan\u2013. PMID: 30844201.<\/td>\n<td>Recommendations<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Di Luigi L, Pigozzi F, Sgr\u00f2 P, Frati L, Di Gianfrancesco A, Cappa M. The use<br \/>\nof prohibited substances for therapeutic reasons in athletes affected by<br \/>\nendocrine diseases and disorders: the therapeutic use exemption (TUE) in<br \/>\nclinical endocrinology. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020 May;43(5):563-573. doi:<br \/>\n10.1007\/s40618-019-01145-z. Epub 2019 Nov 16. PMID: 31734891.<\/td>\n<td>Recommendations<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Hipkin LJ. The XY female in sport: the controversy continues. Br J Sports<br \/>\nMed. 1993 Sep;27(3):150-6. doi: 10.1136\/bjsm.27.3.150. PMID: 8242269; PMCID:<br \/>\nPMC1332177.<\/td>\n<td>Miscellaneous<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Alferink LJM, Trajanoska K, Erler NS, Schoufour JD, de Knegt RJ, Ikram MA,<br \/>\nJanssen HLA, Franco OH, Metselaar HJ, Rivadeneira F, Darwish Murad S.<br \/>\nNonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in The Rotterdam Study: About Muscle Mass,<br \/>\nSarcopenia, Fat Mass, and Fat Distribution. J Bone Miner Res. 2019<br \/>\nJul;34(7):1254-1263. doi: 10.1002\/jbmr.3713. Epub 2019 May 10. PMID: 31074909;<br \/>\nPMCID: PMC6852390.<\/td>\n<td>Miscellaneous<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Palacios-Ch\u00e1vez M, Dejo-Seminario C, Mayta-Trist\u00e1n P. Physical performance<br \/>\nand muscle strength in older patients with and without diabetes from a public<br \/>\nhospital in Lima, Peru. Endocrinol Nutr. 2016 May;63(5):220-9. English, Spanish.<br \/>\ndoi: 10.1016\/j.endonu.2015.12.008. Epub 2016 Mar 5. PMID: 26961993.<\/td>\n<td>Miscellaneous<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Sharp NC. The human genome and sport, including epigenetics, gene doping, and<br \/>\nathleticogenomics. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2010 Mar;39(1):201-15, xi.<br \/>\ndoi: 10.1016\/j.ecl.2009.10.010. PMID: 20122459.<\/td>\n<td>Regulations<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Bassett AJ, Ahlmen A, Rosendorf JM, Romeo AA, Erickson BJ, Bishop ME. The<br \/>\nBiology of Sex and Sport. JBJS Rev. 2020 Mar;8(3):e0140. doi:<br \/>\n10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.19.00140. PMID: 32224635.<\/td>\n<td>Regulations<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Sonksen P. Determination and regulation of body composition in elite<br \/>\nathletes. Br J Sports Med. 2018 Feb;52(4):219-229. doi:<br \/>\n10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096742. Epub 2016 Nov 22. PMID: 27879256.<\/td>\n<td>Regulations<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Simpson JL, Ljungqvist A, de la Chapelle A, Ferguson-Smith MA, Genel M,<br \/>\nCarlson AS, Ehrhardt AA, Ferris E. Gender verification in competitive sports.<br \/>\nSports Med. 1993 Nov;16(5):305-15. doi: 10.2165\/00007256-199316050-00002. PMID:<br \/>\n8272686.<\/td>\n<td>Regulations<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Dickinson BD, Genel M, Robinowitz CB, Turner PL, Woods GL. Gender<br \/>\nverification of female Olympic athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002<br \/>\nOct;34(10):1539-42; discussion 1543. doi: 10.1097\/00005768-200210000-00001.<br \/>\nPMID: 12370551.<\/td>\n<td>Regulations<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Ob\u00f3n-Azuara B, Gasch-Gall\u00e9n \u00c1, Guti\u00e9rrez-C\u00eda I. Discriminaci\u00f3n por razones de<br \/>\ng\u00e9nero en el deporte [Discrimination for gender reasons in sports]. Gac Sanit.<br \/>\n2020 Mar-Apr;34(2):215-216. Spanish. doi: 10.1016\/j.gaceta.2019.07.003. Epub<br \/>\n2019 Sep 18. PMID: 31542313.<\/td>\n<td>Regulations<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Nakatsuka M. [Puberty-delaying hormone therapy in adolescents with gender<br \/>\nidentity disorder]. Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi. 2013;115(3):316-22. Japanese.<br \/>\nPMID: 23691819.<\/td>\n<td>Regulations<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- ___________________Table 8___________________ --><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span class=\"boldBlue\" style=\"color: #00004f;\">Table 8: Youth<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"table-wrapper\">\n<table class=\"fl-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 75%;\">Study<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 25%;\">Subtheme<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Myburgh GK, Cumming SP, Silva MC, Cooke K, Malina RM. Maturity-Associated<br \/>\nVariation in Functional Characteristics Of Elite Youth Tennis Players. Pediatr<br \/>\nExerc Sci. 2016 Nov;28(4):542-552. doi: 10.1123\/pes.2016-0035. Epub 2016 Aug 19.<br \/>\nPMID: 27295031.<\/td>\n<td>None<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Moura-Dos-Santos M, Wellington-Barros J, Brito-Almeida M, Manh\u00e3es-de-Castro<br \/>\nR, Maia J, G\u00f3is Leandro C. Permanent deficits in handgrip strength and running<br \/>\nspeed performance in low birth weight children. Am J Hum Biol. 2013 Jan-<br \/>\nFeb;25(1):58-62. doi: 10.1002\/ajhb.22341. Epub 2012 Nov 7. PMID: 23132832.<\/td>\n<td>None<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Golle K, Muehlbauer T, Wick D, Granacher U. Physical Fitness Percentiles of<br \/>\nGerman Children Aged 9-12 Years: Findings from a Longitudinal Study. PLoS One.<br \/>\n2015 Nov 6;10(11):e0142393. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0142393. PMID: 26544848;<br \/>\nPMCID: PMC4636306.<\/td>\n<td>None<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Tambalis KD, Panagiotakos DB, Arnaoutis G, Sidossis LS. Endurance, explosive<br \/>\npower, and muscle strength in relation to body mass index and physical fitness<br \/>\nin greek children aged 7-10 years. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2013 Aug;25(3):394-406.<br \/>\ndoi: 10.1123\/pes.25.3.394. Epub 2013 Jul 12. PMID: 23877385; PMCID: PMC4522572.<\/td>\n<td>None<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Aouichaoui C, Trabelsi Y, Bouhlel E, Tabka Z, Dogui M, Richalet JP, Buvry<br \/>\nAB. The relative contributions of anthropometric variables to vertical jumping<br \/>\nability and leg power in Tunisian children. J Strength Cond Res. 2012<br \/>\nMar;26(3):777-88. doi: 10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31822a61a2. PMID: 22289700.<\/td>\n<td>None<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Krause LM, Naughton GA, Benson AC, Tibbert S. Equity of Physical<br \/>\nCharacteristics Between Adolescent Males and Females Participating in Single- or<br \/>\nMixed-Sex Sport. J Strength Cond Res. 2018 May;32(5):1415-1421. doi:<br \/>\n10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001963. PMID: 28922212<\/td>\n<td>None<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Pissanos BW, Moore JB, Reeve TG. Age, sex, and body composition as<br \/>\npredictors of children&#8217;s performance on basic motor abilities and health-related<br \/>\nfitness items. Percept Mot Skills. 1983 Feb;56(1):71-7. doi:<br \/>\n10.2466\/pms.1983.56.1.71. PMID: 6844082.<\/td>\n<td>None<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Jones G, Dwyer T. Bone mass in prepubertal children: gender differences and<br \/>\nthe role of physical activity and sunlight exposure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.<br \/>\n1998 Dec;83(12):4274-9. doi: 10.1210\/jcem.83.12.5353. PMID: 9851763.<\/td>\n<td>None<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Tomkinson GR, Carver KD, Atkinson F, Daniell ND, Lewis LK, Fitzgerald JS,<br \/>\nLang JJ, Ortega FB. European normative values for physical fitness in children<br \/>\nand adolescents aged 9-17 years: results from 2 779 165 Eurofit performances<br \/>\nrepresenting 30 countries. Br J Sports Med. 2018 Nov;52(22):1445-14563. doi:<br \/>\n10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098253. Epub 2017 Nov 30. PMID: 29191931.<\/td>\n<td>None<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Bale P, Mayhew JL, Piper FC, Ball TE, Willman MK. Biological and performance<br \/>\nvariables in relation to age in male and female adolescent athletes. J Sports<br \/>\nMed Phys Fitness. 1992 Jun;32(2):142-8. PMID: 1434582.<\/td>\n<td>None<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Catley MJ, Tomkinson GR. Normative health-related fitness values for<br \/>\nchildren: analysis of 85347 test results on 9-17-year-old Australians since<br \/>\n1985. Br J Sports Med. 2013 Jan;47(2):98-108. doi: 10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090218.<br \/>\nEpub 2011 Oct 21. PMID: 22021354.<\/td>\n<td>None<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Fredriksen PM, Mamen A, Gammelsrud H, Lindberg M, Hjelle OP. Factors<br \/>\naffecting running performance in 6-12-year-olds: The Health Oriented Pedagogical<br \/>\nProject (HOPP). Scand J Public Health. 2018 May;46(21_suppl):61-67. doi:<br \/>\n10.1177\/1403494818767816. PMID: 29754572.<\/td>\n<td>None<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Manios Y, Kafatos A, Codrington C. Gender differences in physical activity<br \/>\nand physical fitness in young children in Crete. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1999<br \/>\nMar;39(1):24-30. PMID: 10230165.<\/td>\n<td>None<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Shoemaker ME, Gillen ZM, Mckay BD, Bohannon NA, Gibson SM, Koehler K, Cramer<br \/>\nJT. Sex-specific relationships among iron status biomarkers, athletic<br \/>\nperformance, maturity, and dietary intakes in pre-adolescent and adolescent<br \/>\nathletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2019 Sep 18;16(1):42. doi:<br \/>\n10.1186\/s12970-019-0306-7. PMID: 31533743; PMCID: PMC6751686.<\/td>\n<td>None<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p><em>Youth <\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u201cthere were no sex differences for most of the physical test results in children until the age of 13, yet males showed greater endurance (p = 0.020) and upper-body strength than females.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>boys typically scored higher than girls on cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, speed and power tests, but lower on the flexibility test.\u201d<\/p>\n<p> \u201cage, weight, standing height and fat-free mass were the predictors of jumping performance among children\u201d, and that &#8220;boys and girls had statistically differences for all anthropometric variables.\u201d In fact, this article demonstrated that \u201cwithin sexes showed a significant difference from 8 years onward with the highest values at 13 years.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- ___________________Table 9___________________ --><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\"><span class=\"boldBlue\" style=\"color: #00004f;\">Table 9: Transgender<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"table-wrapper\">\n<table class=\"fl-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 75%;\">Study<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 25%;\">Subtheme<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Gooren LJ, Bunck MC. Transsexuals and competitive sports. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004 Oct;151(4):425-9. doi: 10.1530\/eje.0.1510425. PMID: 15476439.<\/td>\n<td>Hormones<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Wiik A, Lundberg TR, Rullman E, Andersson DP, Holmberg M, Mandi\u0107 M, Brismar TB, Dahlqvist Leinhard O, Chanpen S, Flanagan JN, Arver S, Gustafsson T. Muscle Strength, Size, and Composition Following 12 Months of Gender-affirming Treatment in Transgender Individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Mar 1;105(3):dgz247. doi: 10.1210\/clinem\/dgz247. PMID: 31794605.<\/td>\n<td>Hormones<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Harper J, O&#8217;Donnell E, Sorouri Khorashad B, McDermott H, Witcomb GL. How doeshormone transition in transgender women change body composition, muscle strength and haemoglobin? Systematic review with a focus on the implications for sport participation. Br J Sports Med. 2021 Mar 1:bjsports-2020-103106. Doi: 10.1136\/bjsports-2020-103106. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33648944<\/td>\n<td>Hormones<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Gooren LJ. Olympic sports and transsexuals. Asian J Androl. 2008 May;10(3):427-32. doi: 10.1111\/j.1745-7262.2008.00378.x. PMID: 18385904.<\/td>\n<td>Hormones<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Deuster D, Di Vincenzo K, Szukaj M, Am Zehnhoff-Dinnesen A, Dobel C. Change<br \/>\nof speech fundamental frequency explains the satisfaction with voice in response<br \/>\nto testosterone therapy in female-to-male gender dysphoric individuals. Eur Arch<br \/>\nOtorhinolaryngol. 2016 Aug;273(8):2127-31. doi: 10.1007\/s00405-016-4043-0. Epub<br \/>\n2016 Apr 12. PMID: 27071773.<\/td>\n<td>Hormones<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Lehmann Christensen L, Glintborg D, Taulbjerg Kristensen T, Diederichsen A,<br \/>\nT&#8217;Sjoen G, Frystyk J, Skovsager Andersen M. Masculinising testosterone treatment<br \/>\nand effects on preclinical cardiovascular disease, muscle strength and power,<br \/>\naggression, physical fitness and respiratory function in transgender men:<br \/>\nprotocol for a 10-year, prospective, observational cohort study in Denmark at<br \/>\nthe Body Identity Clinic (BIC). BMJ Open. 2020 Dec 29;10(12):e045714. doi:<br \/>\n10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-045714. PMID: 33376186; PMCID: PMC7778784.<\/td>\n<td>Hormones<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Savkovic S, Lim S, Jayadev V, Conway A, Turner L, Curtis D, Goebel C,<br \/>\nHandelsman DJ. Urine and Serum Sex Steroid Profile in Testosterone-Treated<br \/>\nTransgender and Hypogonadal and Healthy Control Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.<br \/>\n2018 Jun 1;103(6):2277-2283. doi: 10.1210\/jc.2018-00054. PMID: 29584875.<\/td>\n<td>Hormones<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Eberman LE, Winkelmann ZK, Nye EA, Walen DR, Granger KC, Walker SE. Providing Transgender Patient Care: Athletic Trainers&#8217; Compassion and Lack of Preparedness. J Athl Train. 2021 Mar 1;56(3):252-262. Doi: 10.4085\/1062-6050-0501.20. PMID: 33237999; PMCID: PMC8010937.<\/td>\n<td>Team and staff<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Walen DR, Nye EA, Rogers SM, Crossway AK, Winkelmann ZK, Walker SE, Eberman<br \/>\nLE. Athletic Trainers&#8217; Competence, Education, and Perceptions Regarding<br \/>\nTransgender Student-Athlete Patient Care. J Athl Train. 2020 Nov<br \/>\n1;55(11):1142-1152. doi: 10.4085\/1062-6050-147-19. PMID: 32905594; PMCID:<br \/>\nPMC7709206.<\/td>\n<td>Team and staff<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Sadamasu A, Yamaguchi S, Akagi R, Sasho T, Morikawa T, Ohtori S. Knowledge of<br \/>\nand experience with transgender players among soccer team staff: a cross-<br \/>\nsectional questionnaire design. Phys Sportsmed. 2021 Jun 28:1-7. doi:<br \/>\n10.1080\/00913847.2021.1911569. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33818271.<\/td>\n<td>Team and staff<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Pougnet R, Lodd\u00e9 B, Henckes A, Dewitte JD, Pougnet L. Can a transgender<br \/>\nperson be an occupational diver? Demonstration from a case report. Int Marit<br \/>\nHealth. 2017;68(4):211-214. doi: 10.5603\/IMH.2017.0039. PMID: 29297572.<\/td>\n<td>Case Studies<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Patzelt M, Zarubova L, Klener P, Barta J, Benkova K, Brandejsova A, Trneny<br \/>\nM, G\u00fcrlich R, Sukop A. Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma Associated with Breast<br \/>\nImplants: A Case Report of a Transgender Female. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2018<br \/>\nApr;42(2):451-455. doi: 10.1007\/s00266-017-1012-y. Epub 2017 Nov 3. PMID:<br \/>\n29101436.<\/td>\n<td>Case Studies<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" colspan=\"2\">\n<p><em>Hormones<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u201cgender affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) in non-athletic transwomen resulted in reductions of lean body mass (LBM), muscle cross sectional area (CSA), muscular strength, and hemoglobin\/ hematocrit level, which are all strongly associated with athletic performance.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>clinical and experimental studies show that androgen deprivation reverses, at least in part, previous anabolic effects of T on muscle, bone and hemoglobin, but the pubertal effects of T producing a greater length, diameter and thickness of bones in men, is not reversed upon androgen ablation.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cT administration dose dependently increases muscle mass and maximal voluntary strength but not fatigability or specific tension.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><em>Team and staff <\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u201cathletic trainers continued to describe a lack of knowledge in caring for transgender student-athletes despite efforts to engage in professional development in order to help them create safe environments.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cathletic trainers were found to be concerned for their transgender student-athletes, recognizing the potential damage an unsafe environment can cause for their self-image and mental health and wellness.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- ___________________Style Tag___________________ --><\/p>\n<style>\n<p>\/* ----------------General---------------- *\/<\/p>\n<p>ul.text {\nfont-size: 14px;\nfont-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif;\n}<\/p>\n<p>\/* ----------------Table---------------- *\/<\/p>\n<p>.table-wrapper{\n    margin: auto;\n    width: 90vw;\n    box-shadow: 0px 4vw 40px rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0.2 );\n}<\/p>\n<p>.fl-table {\n    border-radius: 5px;\n    font-size: 14px;\n    font-weight: normal;\n    border: none;\n    border-collapse: collapse;\n    width: 100%;\n    min-width: 1vw;\n    white-space: normal;\n    background-color: white;\n}<\/p>\n<p>.fl-table td, .fl-table th {\n    text-align: center;\n    padding: 8px;\n}<\/p>\n<p>.fl-table td {\n    border-right: 1px solid #f8f8f8;\n    font-size: 14px;\n}<\/p>\n<p>.fl-table thead th {\n    color: #ffffff;\n    background: #00aeef;\n    font-size: 20px;\n}<\/p>\n<p>.fl-table thead th:nth-child(odd) {\n    color: #ffffff;\n    background: #1e326b;\n}<\/p>\n<p>.fl-table tr:nth-child(even) {\n    background: #F8F8F8;\n}<\/p>\n<\/style>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gender and Sex Science in Athletics Gender and Sex Science in Athletics Rivera E, Filimonov AK, Allos AN, Wisco JJ. A Grounded Theory Thematic Meta-Analysis of Gender and Sex Science in the Field of Athletics. 2023; in preparation. Code book of papers analyzed using grounded theory thematic meta-analysis (GTTMA). Each theme is broken down into [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18550,"featured_media":0,"parent":9348,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/no-sidebars.php","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bumc.bu.edu\/anatneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11663"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bumc.bu.edu\/anatneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bumc.bu.edu\/anatneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bumc.bu.edu\/anatneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18550"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bumc.bu.edu\/anatneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11663"}],"version-history":[{"count":37,"href":"https:\/\/www.bumc.bu.edu\/anatneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11663\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11910,"href":"https:\/\/www.bumc.bu.edu\/anatneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11663\/revisions\/11910"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bumc.bu.edu\/anatneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9348"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bumc.bu.edu\/anatneuro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11663"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}